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The '''Bornhuetter–Ferguson method''' is a [[loss reserving]] technique in insurance.<ref name="scor">{{Cite web|url=h ...aking] casact.org</ref> Simply, reported (or paid) losses are added to ''a priori'' expected losses multiplied by an estimated percent unreported. The estima ...

...f bounded linear operators from ''B'' into ''V''. Assume that there exists a positive constant ''C'' such that for every <math>t\in [0,1]</math> and eve The method of continuity is used in conjunction with ''[[A priori estimate|a priori estimates]]'' to prove the existence of suitably regular solutions to [[Ell ...

...ed candidate solutions. The goal of numerical certification is to provide a certificate which proves which of these candidates are, indeed, approximate ...is [[Stephen Smale|Smale]]'s alpha theory, while a typical example of ''a priori'' certification is [[interval arithmetic]]. ...

In applied statistics, '''optimal estimation''' is a [[regularization (mathematics)|regularized]] [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix] A matrix inverse problem looks like this: ...

...istence of solutions to nearly-integrable Hamiltonian systems that exhibit a significant change in the action variables. ...al phase space any more. Thus, an arbitrarily small perturbation may cause a number of trajectories to wander pseudo-randomly through the whole portion ...

In [[mathematics]], '''Kadison transitivity theorem''' is a result in the theory of [[C*-algebras]] that, in effect, asserts the equiva The theorem, proved by [[Richard Kadison]], was surprising as ''a priori'' there is no reason to believe that all topologically irreducible represen ...

...s, geophysicists [[George E. Backus]] and [[James Freeman Gilbert]]. It is a [[Regularization (mathematics)|regularization]] method for obtaining meanin Given a data array '''X''', the basic Backus-Gilbert inverse is: ...

...n-memoriam-masatake-kuranishi/ In Memoriam – Masatake Kuranishi]</ref> was a Japanese mathematician who worked on [[Function of several complex variable ...husetts Institute of Technology]], and [[Princeton University]]. He became a professor at [[Columbia University]] in the summer of 1961.<ref name=Bergma ...

...ant [[convolutional code]]. The turbo equalizer is different from classic a turbo-like code, however, in that the 'channel code' adds no redundancy and ...f>{{cite journal|author1=Tüchler, M. |author2=Koetter, R. |author3=Singer, A.C. |name-list-style=amp |title= Turbo Equalization: Principles and New Res ...

{{Short description|The isometry group of a Riemannian manifold is a Lie group}} ...main difficulty lies in showing that a distance-preserving map, which is a priori only [[continuity (topology)|continuous]], is actually [[Differentiable fun ...

...ion follow from its premises? and What does it mean for a conclusion to be a consequence of premises?<ref name="sep" >Beall, JC and Restall, Greg, ''[ht ...A sentence is said to be a logical consequence of a set of sentences, for a given [[Formal language|language]], [[if and only if]], using only logic (i ...

...city of a module''' ''M'' at an [[Ideal (ring theory)|ideal]] ''I'' (often a maximal ideal) ...ion of the multiplicity of a module is a generalization of the [[degree of a projective variety]]. By Serre's intersection formula, it is linked to an [ ...

...erating dependency''' (EGD) is a certain kind of constraint on data. It is a subclass of the class of [[embedded dependency|embedded dependencies]] (ED) ...EGDs (or, more generally, a set of EDs), and, if it terminates (which is a priori undecidable), output an instance that does satisfy the EGDs. ...

...sequence. Thus, Brouwer formulated the choice sequence, which is given as a construction, rather than an abstract, infinite object.{{sfn|Troelstra|1982 ...ctively determines the value for any argument it takes, and thus describes a lawlike sequence. ...

....6852B |issn=2156-2202}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=L. A. |last2=Onorato |first2=P. I. K. |last3=Uhlmann |first3=D. R. |date=1977-01 ...ck's second law]], the concentration of an element in one dimension across a diffusive interface is given by the [[partial differential equation]] ...

...achine learning]], the '''hierarchical Dirichlet process''' ('''HDP''') is a [[Non-parametric statistics|nonparametric]] [[Bayesian probability|Bayesian ...the American Statistical Association]]'' in 2006,<ref name="teh2006" /> as a formalization and generalization of the [[infinite hidden Markov model]] pu ...

...nd taking values in an arbitrary [[metric space]]. With this definition of a derivative, one can generalize [[Rademacher's theorem]] to metric space-val ...riori. Even if you assume that ''X'' is a [[Banach space]] and ask whether a [[Fréchet derivative]] exists almost everywhere, this does not hold. For ex ...

...lis test. The test was developed by [[Aimable Robert Jonckheere]], who was a psychologist and statistician at [[University College London]]. The alternative hypothesis is that the population medians have an a priori ordering e.g.: ...

...urnal=IEEE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2002 |title=The performance of a direct-sequence spread ultrawideband system in the presence of multipath, n ...known as SHR or synchronization header) and consists of a header, known a priori both at transmitter and receiver side. It is employed for synchronization p ...

...ed by [[Lionel Penrose]], concerns the distribution of the voting power in a voting body consisting of ''N'' members.<ref>{{Citation ...978-3-642-35928-6 | s2cid = 7946797 }}</ref> It states that the ''a&nbsp;priori'' voting power of any voter, measured by the [[Banzhaf power index|Penrose– ...