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* 5th century BC - The [[Zeno's paradoxes]], * 5th century BC - [[Antiphon (orator)|Antiphon]] attempts to [[Squaring the circle|squar ...

...tudy in [[Europe]] dates to the work of [[Leonardo Fibonacci]] in the 13th century AD, which introduced [[Arab world|Arabian]] and [[India|Indian]] ideas to t ...es comes from problem 79 of the [[Rhind papyrus]], which dates to the 16th century BC. The problem concerns a certain [[geometric series]], and has similarit ...

...nd the immediate [[Solar System]]. They also discovered many concepts in [[Chinese mathematics|mathematics]]. The list below contains discoveries which found ...ts representing 11 pm to 1 am (left) and 5 am to 7 am (right); the ancient Chinese, although discussing it in supernatural terms, acknowledged [[circadian rhy ...

...abstractness, purity, simplicity, depth or orderliness of [[mathematics]]. Mathematicians may express this pleasure by describing mathematics (or, at least, some asp Mathematicians commonly describe an especially pleasing method of [[Mathematical proof|pro ...

...{tmath|\R}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |edition=3rd |year=2008| chapter=real |at='real', ''n.2'', B.4 |quote=''Mathematics.'' A The adjective ''real'', used in the 17th century by [[René Descartes]], distinguishes real numbers from [[imaginary number]] ...

...his is a simple idea, and it is likely that it was known by Old Babylonian mathematicians, although no cuneiform mathematical text has yet been found where this idea Friberg points out a similar problem in a 3rd-century BCE Egyptian Demotic papyrus, ''P. Cairo'', problems 34 and 35, published b ...

...Alexandria]] first studied problems requiring integer solutions in the 3rd century CE. The Euclidean algorithm for greatest common divisor which underlies th ...ation needed|date=July 2023}} The problem was mentioned in works of period mathematicians, with solutions, mostly wrong, indicating that the problem was new and unfa ...

...mad_ancient_egyptpapyrus.html#berlin.|title=Egyptian Mathematical Papyri - Mathematicians of the African Diaspora|publisher=|accessdate=March 15, 2015}}</ref> ...the [[Rhind Mathematical Papyrus|Rhind papyrus]] which dates to the 16th century BCE.<ref name="Biggs">{{cite book ...

...] ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]'', and mentions the proposals of German mathematicians [[Carl Anton Bretschneider]] and [[Hermann Hankel]] that Pythagoras may hav ...[[similar figures]]. This was known by [[Hippocrates of Chios]] in the 5th century BC,<ref>Heath, T. L., ''A History of Greek Mathematics'', Oxford University ...

{{Short description|17th-century conjecture proved by Andrew Wiles in 1994}} ...wn as a [[conjecture]] rather than a theorem. After 358 years of effort by mathematicians, [[Wiles's proof of Fermat's Last Theorem|the first successful proof]] was ...

...peared throughout history, including the work of [[Desargues]] in the 17th century, all the way back to the implicit use of [[spherical geometry]] to understa ...the theory of [[manifold]]s and [[Riemannian geometry]]. Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the [[parallel postulate]] ([[non-Eucl ...

...school geometry: evolution of the two-column proof in the early twentieth century |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1020264906740 |journal=Edu ...|publisher=Dover Publications |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-486-80737-9 |edition=3rd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Strauss |first=Walter A. |title=Partial Diffe ...

...enturies when a rigorous symbolic formalism was developed. In the mid-19th century, the scope of algebra broadened beyond a [[theory of equations]] to cover d ...[[polynomial equations]] in view of solving them. This changed in the 19th century{{efn|These changes were in part triggered by discoveries that solved many o ...

...modern formal logic, which has its roots in the work of late 19th-century mathematicians such as [[Gottlob Frege]]. Today, the most commonly used system is [[classi ...roduction: Philosophy of logic today, pp. 1–12}} Starting in the late 19th century, many new formal systems have been proposed. There are disagreements about ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...phor of a [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] began to be applied in 19th-century literature about [[Islamic history]], in the context of the western aesthet ...