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Since antiquity, astronomers have progressively refined the definition of the tropical year. The entry f ...e word "tropical" was lent to the period of the seasonal cycle . The early Chinese, Hindus, Greeks, and others made approximate measures of the tropical year. ...

...nd the immediate [[Solar System]]. They also discovered many concepts in [[Chinese mathematics|mathematics]]. The list below contains discoveries which found ...ts representing 11 pm to 1 am (left) and 5 am to 7 am (right); the ancient Chinese, although discussing it in supernatural terms, acknowledged [[circadian rhy ...

Astronomers and great thinkers of the past were able to record observations and attempt === Chinese theories === ...

At the start of the 18th century the [[Reforms of Peter I of Russia|reforms of Peter the Great]] (founder of ...American [[GPS]], European [[Galileo (satellite navigation)|Galileo]] and Chinese [[BeiDou]], and Russia's being the only country constructing [[Russian floa ...

...peared throughout history, including the work of [[Desargues]] in the 17th century, all the way back to the implicit use of [[spherical geometry]] to understa ...the theory of [[manifold]]s and [[Riemannian geometry]]. Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the [[parallel postulate]] ([[non-Eucl ...

...actions. The system became the standard of France and Europe within half a century. Other measures with unity ratios<ref group="Note">ratios of 1 between mag ...ts for length, mass and time. Advances in [[electromagnetism]] in the 19th century necessitated additional units to be defined, and multiple incompatible syst ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early 'Abbāsid Society (2nd-4th/8th-10th Centuries) |location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]]}}{{page n ...

...vanced Learner's Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-521-53106-1}}</ref> ...ridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-85371-2 |edition=2nd updated |access-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/we ...

...or [[panemone windmill]] first appeared in [[Greater Iran]] during the 9th century.<ref>Glick, Thomas F., Steven Livesey, and Faith Wallis. Medieval science, The 9th century mathematician [[Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]] founded algebra and expand ...

...different paths.<ref name="mcgraw1">McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), C.B. Parker, 1994, {{ISBN|0-07-051400-3}}</ref> Action has the [[ ...] as [[elliptical galaxy|elliptical]],<ref>Hoover, A. (June 16, 2003). "UF Astronomers: Universe Slightly Simpler Than Expected". Hubble News Desk. Archived from ...