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{{Short description|Italian mathematician and astronomer}} ...aretti''' ([[Florence]], 19 June 1948 – [[Pisa]], 28 November 2018) was an Italian [[mathematician]] and [[astronomer]], based at the [[University of Pisa]]. ...

...r designed by a commission assembled by Pope Gregory XIII in the sixteenth century."}}{{efn|Many countries that use other calendars for religious purposes use ...ays; when Russia and Greece did so (for their civil calendars) in the 20th century, the jump was 13 days. For other countries and territories, see [[List of a ...

...peared throughout history, including the work of [[Desargues]] in the 17th century, all the way back to the implicit use of [[spherical geometry]] to understa ...the theory of [[manifold]]s and [[Riemannian geometry]]. Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the [[parallel postulate]] ([[non-Eucl ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...phor of a [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] began to be applied in 19th-century literature about [[Islamic history]], in the context of the western aesthet ...

...] as [[elliptical galaxy|elliptical]],<ref>Hoover, A. (June 16, 2003). "UF Astronomers: Universe Slightly Simpler Than Expected". Hubble News Desk. Archived from ...] 5 and above.<ref>{{cite book | title=Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century | editor=Galison, P. |editor2=Roland, A. | publisher=Springer | year=2000 | ...