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...man Mathematician: With Translations of Some of Her Work from Italian into English]]'' (Edwin Mellen Press, 2007){{r|agnesi}} ...aa.org/press/maa-reviews/a-biography-of-maria-gaetana-agnesi-an-eighteenth-century-woman-mathematician]</ref> ...

...Middle Ages]] until the development of [[gunpowder]] artillery in the 14th century rendered them mostly obsolete. ...ion siege engines that had existed since at least the beginning of the 4th century BC, most notably the [[gastraphetes]] in [[Heron of Alexandria|Heron of Ale ...

...n not only probability but all combinatorics by a plethora of mathematical historians. The importance of this early work had a large impact on both contemporary ...e, the subject of [[probability]] was first formally developed in the 16th century with the work of [[Gerolamo Cardano]], whose interest in the branch of math ...

...r designed by a commission assembled by Pope Gregory XIII in the sixteenth century."}}{{efn|Many countries that use other calendars for religious purposes use ...ays; when Russia and Greece did so (for their civil calendars) in the 20th century, the jump was 13 days. For other countries and territories, see [[List of a ...

...actions. The system became the standard of France and Europe within half a century. Other measures with unity ratios<ref group="Note">ratios of 1 between mag ...ts for length, mass and time. Advances in [[electromagnetism]] in the 19th century necessitated additional units to be defined, and multiple incompatible syst ...

...the most influential Italian mathematicians of the first half of the 20th century, esteemed the young mathematician. During a course on the [[Several complex ...ds includes some of the best scientists and [[mathematician]]s of the 20th century: [[Olga Oleinik]], [[Olga Ladyzhenskaya]], [[Israel Gel'fand]], [[Ivan Petr ...

...countries' [[Soviet-type economic planning|economic planning]] in the 20th century. According to economists such as [[George Stigler]] and [[Robert Solow]], M ...apitalism some time between about 1450 (Sombart) and some time in the 17th century (Hobsbawm).<ref>Angus Maddison, ''Phases of Capitalist Development.'' Oxfor ...

...e in between, increasing the number of spheres needed well above Eudoxus'. Historians are unsure about how many spheres Aristotle thought there were in the cosmo ...alculations on the relative sizes of the Sun, Earth, and Moon, from a 10th-century AD Greek copy]]Around 280 BCE, [[Aristarchus of Samos]] offers the [[On the ...

...enturies when a rigorous symbolic formalism was developed. In the mid-19th century, the scope of algebra broadened beyond a [[theory of equations]] to cover d ...[[polynomial equations]] in view of solving them. This changed in the 19th century{{efn|These changes were in part triggered by discoveries that solved many o ...

...of the [[Sun]], [[Moon]], [[planet]]s, and visible [[star]]s. In the 20th century, understanding the [[dynamics (physics)|dynamics]] of [[globular cluster]] ...David Brewster|first=David|last=Brewster|title=The Great Events by Famous Historians|editor-first=Rossiter|editor-last=Johnson|volume=XII|pages=51–65|publisher= ...

...ysics)|period]] of [[Cepheid]] [[variable stars]] at the beginning of 20th century. ...chemistry: their changing roles from alchemical times to the mid-twentieth century|last=F.|first=Rayner-Canham, Marelene|date=1998|publisher=American Chemical ...

English mathematician [[Thomas Heath (classicist)|Sir Thomas Heath]] gives this pro ...[[similar figures]]. This was known by [[Hippocrates of Chios]] in the 5th century BC,<ref>Heath, T. L., ''A History of Greek Mathematics'', Oxford University ...

...ultural water to nearly 40,000&nbsp;people.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Ward English |first= Paul |title= The Origin and Spread of Qanats in the Old World |jour ...or [[panemone windmill]] first appeared in [[Greater Iran]] during the 9th century.<ref>Glick, Thomas F., Steven Livesey, and Faith Wallis. Medieval science, ...

...'''value-form''' or '''form of value''' (''"Wertform"'' in German) <ref>In English, one would normally say "the form of value", "the form that value takes" or This was probably a vain hope; even today economists and economic historians cannot agree about what is the correct theory of money. [[Wolfgang Streeck] ...

...m, as well as to various movements of the late 19th century and early 20th century such as [[Luminism (American art style)|American]], [[Belgium|Belgian]], an ...lso the variant of the urban landscape, frequent especially since the 20th century, in which a factor to take into account is the artificial illumination of t ...

{{Use British English|date=August 2024}} ...Neptune|remaining moons]] were located telescopically until the 20th&nbsp;century. ...

...of the House of Representatives to honor the life and achievements of 19th Century Italian-American inventor Antonio Meucci, and his work in the invention of ...Amati/Amaticello.html|title=Violoncello by Andrea Amati, Cremona, Mid-16th Century|website=collections.nmmusd.org|access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref> ...