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{{short description|German-American philosopher and logician (born 1968)}} |nationality = American, German ...

...as evidence that confirms [[Einstein]]'s [[theory of general relativity]]. Philosophers of science tend to understand evidence not as mental states but as observab ...]], [[documentary evidence]], and [[Real evidence|physical evidence]].<ref>American College of Forensic Examiners Institute. (2016). ''The Certified Criminal I ...

...ain periods in the history of ontological arguments. The first was in 11th century, when St. Anselm of Canterbury came up with the first ontological argument" ...ents have been categorised as ontological, including those made by Islamic philosophers [[Mulla Sadra]] and [[Allama Tabatabai]]. ...

...heorizing about utility, with the advent of logical positivism in the 20th century, they felt they needed a more empirical structure. Because [[binary relatio ...ts have differing definitions of what a [[rational agent]] is. In the 18th century, utilitarianism gave insight into the utility-maximizing versions of ration ...

...usefulness with the production of pleasure and avoidance of pain by moral philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.<ref>[[Jeremy Bentham|Bentham, Jeremy] ...ce: An Introduction|chapter = The Scottish Enlightenment of the eighteenth century|publisher = [[Routledge]]|isbn = 0-415-09670-7}}</ref> The apparent contrad ...

...countries' [[Soviet-type economic planning|economic planning]] in the 20th century. According to economists such as [[George Stigler]] and [[Robert Solow]], M ...onomist of Marx's time," observed [[Robert Heilbroner]] in ''[[The Worldly Philosophers]]'', "although future events have certainly indicated his prediction of suc ...

...some precursors of the concept can perhaps be seen in the work of medieval philosophers and mathematicians such as [[Oresme]]. ...ded a function as being defined by an [[analytic expression]]. In the 19th century, the demands of the rigorous development of [[mathematical analysis|analysi ...

...nd, if so, how this could be done.<ref name=":1" /> At the end of the 19th century, [[Georg Cantor]] enlarged the mathematical study of infinity by studying [ ...[[Indian mathematics|Jain mathematical]] text Surya Prajnapti (c. 4th–3rd century BCE) classifies all numbers into three sets: [[enumerable]], innumerable, a ...

...peared throughout history, including the work of [[Desargues]] in the 17th century, all the way back to the implicit use of [[spherical geometry]] to understa ...the theory of [[manifold]]s and [[Riemannian geometry]]. Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the [[parallel postulate]] ([[non-Eucl ...

...|Columba]] is a small, faint [[constellation]] named in the late sixteenth century. Its name is [[Latin]] for [[dove]]. It is located just south of [[Canis Ma ...aint constellation in the [[southern sky]], first defined in the late 16th century. Its name means "no feet" in Greek, and it represents a [[bird-of-paradise] ...

...rd|2000|p=1377}}{{sfn|Dimand|2008}} Monetary theory dates back to the 16th century and the work of [[Martín de Azpilcueta]], while business cycle analysis dat ...sity of Cambridge|Cambridge]] economists over the course of the early 20th century.{{sfn|Snowdon|Vane|2005|p=50}} Fisher's version of the quantity theory can ...

...me more mathematical as a discipline throughout the first half of the 20th century, but introduction of new and generalized techniques in the period around th ...tics in the service of social and economic analysis dates back to the 17th century. Then, mainly in [[Holy Roman Empire|German]] universities, a style of ins ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...phor of a [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] began to be applied in 19th-century literature about [[Islamic history]], in the context of the western aesthet ...

[[File:Students taking computerized exam.jpg|thumb|[[United States|American]] students in a computer fundamentals class taking an online test in 2001]] ...tions occurred at the beginning of the Mongol [[Yuan dynasty]] in the 13th century, but was later brought back with regional quotas which favored the Mongols ...

...2012|title=How Has Stephen Hawking Lived to 70 with ALS?|work=[[Scientific American]]|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stephen-hawking-als/|url-st ...British Agriculture|great agricultural depression]] during the early 20th century.<ref name="SA" /> His paternal great-grandmother saved the family from fina ...

...teseerx=10.1.1.58.8477 |s2cid=13387519 }}</ref> by [[Paolo Uccello]]. 15th century]] ...List of mathematical artists|Artists have used mathematics]] since the 4th century BC when the Greek [[sculpture|sculptor]] [[Polykleitos]] wrote [[Polykleito ...

...e Origin and Spread of Qanats in the Old World |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume= 112 |issue= 3 |pages= 170–181 |date= 21 June Iranian philosophers and inventors may have created the first batteries (sometimes known as the ...

==Recorded history before 12th century== ...Oxford|access-date=14 October 2014|url=http://www.visitoruk.com/Oxford/8th-century-T4311.html}}</ref> ...

...mented battle in the history of the world is the [[Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)|Battle of Megiddo]].<ref name="Dupay">Trevor N. Dupuy, ''Evolution of W * [[Catapult]] — A Catapult dating to the 19th century B.C was found on the walls of the fortress of [[Buhen]].<ref name="wac">{{C ...

...Representatives to honor the life and achievements of 19th Century Italian-American inventor Antonio Meucci, and his work in the invention of the telephone.|la ...Amati/Amaticello.html|title=Violoncello by Andrea Amati, Cremona, Mid-16th Century|website=collections.nmmusd.org|access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref> ...