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...[[Brouwer Award]]'', awarded by the Division on Dynamical Astronomy of the American Astronomical Society. [[Category:20th-century Italian astronomers]] ...

{{Use American English|date=May 2015}} Since antiquity, astronomers have progressively refined the definition of the tropical year. The entry f ...

...th [[Greek numerals]] around 600 BC and became largely extinct by the 16th century.{{sfnp|Chrisomalis|2010|p=185}} After the development of [[Positional notat ...gyptian signs. The first examples of the Greek system date back to the 6th century BC, written with the letters of the [[History of the Greek alphabet#Standar ...

In the 19th and 20th centuries, [[Russia]] produced many notable [[List of Russian scientists|sc At the start of the 18th century the [[Reforms of Peter I of Russia|reforms of Peter the Great]] (founder of ...

Astronomers and great thinkers of the past were able to record observations and attempt ...one depicts Earth in the day.<ref name=DatEA>Source: ''Dante and the Early Astronomers'' by M. A. Orr, 1913.</ref>]] ...

...r designed by a commission assembled by Pope Gregory XIII in the sixteenth century."}}{{efn|Many countries that use other calendars for religious purposes use ...ays; when Russia and Greece did so (for their civil calendars) in the 20th century, the jump was 13 days. For other countries and territories, see [[List of a ...

...peared throughout history, including the work of [[Desargues]] in the 17th century, all the way back to the implicit use of [[spherical geometry]] to understa ...the theory of [[manifold]]s and [[Riemannian geometry]]. Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the [[parallel postulate]] ([[non-Eucl ...

...actions. The system became the standard of France and Europe within half a century. Other measures with unity ratios<ref group="Note">ratios of 1 between mag ...ts for length, mass and time. Advances in [[electromagnetism]] in the 19th century necessitated additional units to be defined, and multiple incompatible syst ...

Eventually,<ref>The Mesopotamian (modern-day Iraq) astronomers recorded astronomical observations with the naked eye, more than 3500 years [[Galileo]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], and most people up until the 20th century thought that time was the same for everyone everywhere. This is the basis f ...

...2012|title=How Has Stephen Hawking Lived to 70 with ALS?|work=[[Scientific American]]|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/stephen-hawking-als/|url-st ...British Agriculture|great agricultural depression]] during the early 20th century.<ref name="SA" /> His paternal great-grandmother saved the family from fina ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...phor of a [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] began to be applied in 19th-century literature about [[Islamic history]], in the context of the western aesthet ...

...midst of the [[History of molecular biology|molecular revolution]], a half-century after the origins of theoretical population genetics: they were soon widely In the early 20th-century, authors such as [[Theodor Eimer|Eimer]] or [[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]] he ...

...Neptune|remaining moons]] were located telescopically until the 20th&nbsp;century. ...ive-date=19 March 2011 |access-date=20 January 2011 |magazine=[[Scientific American]] |jstor=26060804}}</ref> ...

...e Origin and Spread of Qanats in the Old World |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume= 112 |issue= 3 |pages= 170–181 |date= 21 June ...or [[panemone windmill]] first appeared in [[Greater Iran]] during the 9th century.<ref>Glick, Thomas F., Steven Livesey, and Faith Wallis. Medieval science, ...

* '''[[Airfoil]]''' – An airfoil ([[American English]]) or '''aerofoil''' ([[British English]]) is the cross-sectional s ...] as [[elliptical galaxy|elliptical]],<ref>Hoover, A. (June 16, 2003). "UF Astronomers: Universe Slightly Simpler Than Expected". Hubble News Desk. Archived from ...