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{{Short description|Scottish mathematician (1777–1815)}} {{Other people|William Spence}} ...

...dely used in Europe from the late fifteenth century to the late nineteenth century. The common [[London dial|horizontal sundial]] is a geometric [[Graphical p ...own to the Moorish astronomer [[Abdul Hassan Ali]] in the early thirteenth century<ref>{{cite web ...

...tar|trench mortars]] and wireless signals for communication. In the [[9th (Scottish) Division]] during the [[Battle of Loos]], there were four battalions that ...ude the [[ballista]] which was a torsion machine operated by a crew of two people including the [[catapult]] and [[carroballista]].<ref>Rossi et al. 2015, pp ...

...been born in India, De Morgan used to say that he was neither English nor Scottish nor Irish, but a Briton "unattached," using the technical term applied to a ...o and distinct from scientific reasoning; on the other hand, argued by the Scottish philosopher [[Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet|Sir William Hamilton]], Wha ...

...guous Poverty 2020 clusters.jpg|thumb|Clusters of the estimated percent of people in poverty by county in the contiguous United States in 2020 calculated usi ...last2=Toral |first2=Isabel |title=Baghdād: From Its Beginnings to the 14th Century |date=28 Jul 2022 |isbn=978-90-04-51337-2 |page=804 |publisher=BRILL |url=h ...

...ermodynamic work, the caloric theory was, around the end of the eighteenth century, replaced by the "mechanical" theory of heat, which is accepted today. === 17th century–early 18th century === ...

==Recorded history before 12th century== ...Oxford|access-date=14 October 2014|url=http://www.visitoruk.com/Oxford/8th-century-T4311.html}}</ref> ...

...for artificial intelligence.{{sfn|Poole|Mackworth|Goebel|1998|loc=[http://people.cs.ubc.ca/~poole/ci/ch1.pdf p. 1]}} ...ity]] used in heat transfer calculations. It is named after the eighteenth century French physicist [[Jean-Baptiste Biot]] (1774–1862), and gives a simple ind ...