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This is a '''list of notable Italian scientists''' organized by the era in which they were active. ...no]] (c. 1280–c. 1349), physician and inventor who became one of the first writers to include [[illustration]]s in a work on [[anatomy]]<ref>Schlager, Neil; L ...

...r designed by a commission assembled by Pope Gregory XIII in the sixteenth century."}}{{efn|Many countries that use other calendars for religious purposes use ...ays; when Russia and Greece did so (for their civil calendars) in the 20th century, the jump was 13 days. For other countries and territories, see [[List of a ...

...laced by modern formal logic, which has its roots in the work of late 19th-century mathematicians such as [[Gottlob Frege]]. Today, the most commonly used sys ...roduction: Philosophy of logic today, pp. 1–12}} Starting in the late 19th century, many new formal systems have been proposed. There are disagreements about ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...phor of a [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] began to be applied in 19th-century literature about [[Islamic history]], in the context of the western aesthet ...

==Recorded history before 12th century== ...Oxford|access-date=14 October 2014|url=http://www.visitoruk.com/Oxford/8th-century-T4311.html}}</ref> ...

...significant advances in the [[history of cartography]], inspiring the 19th century map historian [[Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld|Adolf Nordenskiöld]] to write "The ...versa, but the age of discovery, from the closing decade of the fifteenth century, stimulated the integration of these two mapping traditions: Mercator's wor ...