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...eology]] and in mathematics. He was fluent in [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Hebrew]], was well-acquainted with [[Romance languages|Romance]] an had been known from the times of [[Diophantus]]. At the end of the 17th century it explained why the [[norm (mathematics)|norm]] of the product of two [[co ...

...n"/> The Romans obtained their knowledge from the Greeks, and employed the Greek specialists. ...truvius]]<ref name="Treatises">{{cite book | first=E.A.|last=Marsden|title=Greek and Roman artillery. Technical treatises| url=https://archive.org/details/g ...

This is a '''list of notable Italian scientists''' organized by the era in which they were active. *[[Parmenides]] (530&nbsp;BC–460&nbsp;BC), İtalian-Greek philosopher, defender of rationalism in philosophy ...

...peared throughout history, including the work of [[Desargues]] in the 17th century, all the way back to the implicit use of [[spherical geometry]] to understa ...the theory of [[manifold]]s and [[Riemannian geometry]]. Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the [[parallel postulate]] ([[non-Eucl ...

==Earth scientists== {{main|Russian Earth scientists}} ...

...from the Greek [[:wikt:γεωγραφία|γεωγραφία]] (geographia, a combination of Greek words 'Geo', the Earth, and 'Graphien', to describe. Literally "earth descr ...last2=Toral |first2=Isabel |title=Baghdād: From Its Beginnings to the 14th Century |date=28 Jul 2022 |isbn=978-90-04-51337-2 |page=804 |publisher=BRILL |url=h ...

...is one of the six classical [[simple machines]] defined by [[Renaissance]] scientists.<ref name="Anderson">{{cite book ...e = Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels| publisher = Twenty-First Century Books| year = 2000| location = USA| pages = 58| url = https://books.google. ...

...actions. The system became the standard of France and Europe within half a century. Other measures with unity ratios<ref group="Note">ratios of 1 between mag ...ts for length, mass and time. Advances in [[electromagnetism]] in the 19th century necessitated additional units to be defined, and multiple incompatible syst ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...ook|last=Gutas |first=Dimitri |author-link=Dimitri Gutas |date=1998 |title=Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad ...

...enturies when a rigorous symbolic formalism was developed. In the mid-19th century, the scope of algebra broadened beyond a [[theory of equations]] to cover d ...[[polynomial equations]] in view of solving them. This changed in the 19th century{{efn|These changes were in part triggered by discoveries that solved many o ...

...ermodynamic work, the caloric theory was, around the end of the eighteenth century, replaced by the "mechanical" theory of heat, which is accepted today. === 17th century–early 18th century === ...

...lestium]]}} in 1543. Increasingly accurate measurements were required, and scientists looked for measures that were universal and could be based on natural pheno ...the [[seconds pendulum]] (a pendulum with a half-period of one second) one century earlier, but this was rejected as it had been discovered that this length v ...

...laced by modern formal logic, which has its roots in the work of late 19th-century mathematicians such as [[Gottlob Frege]]. Today, the most commonly used sys The word "logic" originates from the Greek word ''logos'', which has a variety of translations, such as [[reason]], [[ ...

...Neptune|remaining moons]] were located telescopically until the 20th&nbsp;century. ...he other planets, all of which were named for deities in [[Greek mythology|Greek]] and Roman mythology.<ref group="lower-alpha">One could argue that it is t ...

...d in other ways. Alpha particles are named after the first letter in the [[Greek alphabet]], [[Alpha|α]].}} ...id]]|content='''[[Amorphous solid]]'''}}{{defn|defn=An amorphous (from the Greek ''a'', without, ''morphé'', shape, form) or non-crystalline solid is a soli ...

...of the House of Representatives to honor the life and achievements of 19th Century Italian-American inventor Antonio Meucci, and his work in the invention of ...Amati/Amaticello.html|title=Violoncello by Andrea Amati, Cremona, Mid-16th Century|website=collections.nmmusd.org|access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref> ...

..., who made extensive use of this special case of Taylor series in the 18th century.}} ...[volume]]. The symbol most often used for density is ''ρ'' (the lower case Greek letter [[rho]]), although the Latin letter ''D'' can also be used. Mathemat ...

...vements before and during [[World War II]]. In the latter half of the 20th century, the field saw renewed prominence with research on [[inheritance]] of behav ...n-day behavioural genetics began with [[Sir Francis Galton]], a nineteenth-century intellectual and cousin of [[Charles Darwin]].<ref name="McGueGottesman2015 ...