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...her had both been born in India, De Morgan used to say that he was neither English nor Scottish nor Irish, but a Briton "unattached," using the technical term ...6 as a secular alternative to Oxford and Cambridge; Catholics, Jews, and [[English dissenters|dissenters]] could enter as students and hold positions. Prior t ...

...peared throughout history, including the work of [[Desargues]] in the 17th century, all the way back to the implicit use of [[spherical geometry]] to understa ...the theory of [[manifold]]s and [[Riemannian geometry]]. Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the [[parallel postulate]] ([[non-Eucl ...

...ermodynamic work, the caloric theory was, around the end of the eighteenth century, replaced by the "mechanical" theory of heat, which is accepted today. === 17th century–early 18th century === ...

...laced by modern formal logic, which has its roots in the work of late 19th-century mathematicians such as [[Gottlob Frege]]. Today, the most commonly used sys ...order logic.png|thumb|upright=1.6|alt=Visualization of how to translate an English sentence into first-order logic|Formal logic needs to translate natural lan ...

...tions occurred at the beginning of the Mongol [[Yuan dynasty]] in the 13th century, but was later brought back with regional quotas which favored the Mongols [[File:Tripos_exam_1842.jpg|thumb|From the mid 19th century, universities began to institute written examinations to assess the aptitud ...

...me more mathematical as a discipline throughout the first half of the 20th century, but introduction of new and generalized techniques in the period around th ...conomists for some time, even though Petty's works were largely ignored by English scholars.<ref>Schumpeter (1954) p. 212-215</ref> ...

{{Use British English|date=June 2017}} ==Recorded history before 12th century== ...

...ultural water to nearly 40,000&nbsp;people.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Ward English |first= Paul |title= The Origin and Spread of Qanats in the Old World |jour Iranian philosophers and inventors may have created the first batteries (sometimes known as the ...

...of the House of Representatives to honor the life and achievements of 19th Century Italian-American inventor Antonio Meucci, and his work in the invention of ...Amati/Amaticello.html|title=Violoncello by Andrea Amati, Cremona, Mid-16th Century|website=collections.nmmusd.org|access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref> ...

...m, as well as to various movements of the late 19th century and early 20th century such as [[Luminism (American art style)|American]], [[Belgium|Belgian]], an ...used throughout the ages, although with more intensity during the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name=":9"/> As it is a wet technique, it provides great tran ...