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...heorizing about utility, with the advent of logical positivism in the 20th century, they felt they needed a more empirical structure. Because [[binary relatio ...ts have differing definitions of what a [[rational agent]] is. In the 18th century, utilitarianism gave insight into the utility-maximizing versions of ration ...

.... The problem is indeterminate, but it is made strictly determinate by the century of its utterance and the limit to a man's life. Those born in 1722 (1764–42 ...houghtwes00bool|title=Indian Thought and Western Science in the Nineteenth Century|date=1901|publisher=The Ceylon National Review|others=Library Genesis|langu ...

...and this continued in the following centuries (although in the nineteenth century mathematics started to become increasingly independent from physics).<ref n In the 19th century [[Auguste Comte]] in his [[hierarchy of the sciences]], placed physics and ...

...nd, if so, how this could be done.<ref name=":1" /> At the end of the 19th century, [[Georg Cantor]] enlarged the mathematical study of infinity by studying [ ...[[Indian mathematics|Jain mathematical]] text Surya Prajnapti (c. 4th–3rd century BCE) classifies all numbers into three sets: [[enumerable]], innumerable, a ...

...peared throughout history, including the work of [[Desargues]] in the 17th century, all the way back to the implicit use of [[spherical geometry]] to understa ...the theory of [[manifold]]s and [[Riemannian geometry]]. Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the [[parallel postulate]] ([[non-Eucl ...

...some precursors of the concept can perhaps be seen in the work of medieval philosophers and mathematicians such as [[Oresme]]. ...ded a function as being defined by an [[analytic expression]]. In the 19th century, the demands of the rigorous development of [[mathematical analysis|analysi ...

...|Columba]] is a small, faint [[constellation]] named in the late sixteenth century. Its name is [[Latin]] for [[dove]]. It is located just south of [[Canis Ma ...aint constellation in the [[southern sky]], first defined in the late 16th century. Its name means "no feet" in Greek, and it represents a [[bird-of-paradise] ...

...[[Martín de Azpilcueta]], while business cycle analysis dates from the mid 19th.{{sfn|Dimand|2008}} ...sity of Cambridge|Cambridge]] economists over the course of the early 20th century.{{sfn|Snowdon|Vane|2005|p=50}} Fisher's version of the quantity theory can ...

[[File:Students taking computerized exam.jpg|thumb|[[United States|American]] students in a computer fundamentals class taking an online test in 2001]] ...tions occurred at the beginning of the Mongol [[Yuan dynasty]] in the 13th century, but was later brought back with regional quotas which favored the Mongols ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...phor of a [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] began to be applied in 19th-century literature about [[Islamic history]], in the context of the western aesthet ...

...me more mathematical as a discipline throughout the first half of the 20th century, but introduction of new and generalized techniques in the period around th ...tics in the service of social and economic analysis dates back to the 17th century. Then, mainly in [[Holy Roman Empire|German]] universities, a style of ins ...

...ermodynamic work, the caloric theory was, around the end of the eighteenth century, replaced by the "mechanical" theory of heat, which is accepted today. === 17th century–early 18th century === ...

...teseerx=10.1.1.58.8477 |s2cid=13387519 }}</ref> by [[Paolo Uccello]]. 15th century]] ...List of mathematical artists|Artists have used mathematics]] since the 4th century BC when the Greek [[sculpture|sculptor]] [[Polykleitos]] wrote [[Polykleito ...

...mented battle in the history of the world is the [[Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)|Battle of Megiddo]].<ref name="Dupay">Trevor N. Dupuy, ''Evolution of W * [[Catapult]] — A Catapult dating to the 19th century B.C was found on the walls of the fortress of [[Buhen]].<ref name="wac">{{C ...

==Recorded history before 12th century== ...Oxford|access-date=14 October 2014|url=http://www.visitoruk.com/Oxford/8th-century-T4311.html}}</ref> ...

...e Origin and Spread of Qanats in the Old World |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume= 112 |issue= 3 |pages= 170–181 |date= 21 June Iranian philosophers and inventors may have created the first batteries (sometimes known as the ...

...9th century and early 20th century such as [[Luminism (American art style)|American]], [[Belgium|Belgian]], and [[Valencia]]n luminism.<ref>de la Plaza Escuder ...a Mountains in California'' (1868), by [[Albert Bierstadt]], [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D. C.]]]]Light in painting play ...

...Representatives to honor the life and achievements of 19th Century Italian-American inventor Antonio Meucci, and his work in the invention of the telephone.|la ...Amati/Amaticello.html|title=Violoncello by Andrea Amati, Cremona, Mid-16th Century|website=collections.nmmusd.org|access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref> ...