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...for his work on [[graph algorithm]]s and [[parameterized complexity]] and in particular for algorithms relating to [[tree decomposition]] of graphs. ...ekom]], Bodlaender was educated at Utrecht University, earning a doctorate in 1986 under the supervision of [[Jan van Leeuwen]] with the thesis ''Distrib ...

They have been studied in [[combinatorial game theory]] as a generalization of [[Nim]], [[Kayles]], a They differ from each other in the numbers of tokens that may be removed in a single move, and (depending on this number) whether it is allowed to remo ...

| known_for = Being the chess champion of Scotland in 1964, 1966, and 1969 ...otland>{{cite web|author=McGowan, Alan|title=Alexander Munro Davie|website=Chess Scotland|url=https://www.chessscotland.com/documents/history/biographies/da ...

...tradiction is due an optical illusion as the four pieces don't fit exactly in the rectangle, but leave a small barely visible gap around the rectangle's ...|upright=3.0|center|Enlarged, precise drawing shows a gap in the rectangle in the shape of a parallelogram]] ...

...ll-covered graphs were defined and first studied by [[Michael D. Plummer]] in 1970. ...of high [[girth (graph theory)|girth]] allow these graphs to be recognized in [[polynomial time]], but testing whether other kinds of graph are well-cove ...

{{Short description|Multiple star system in the constellation Puppis}} ...41700''' is a star system that lies approximately 88 [[light-years]] away in the constellation of Puppis. The system consists of two bright stars where ...

...y chess]], an area of [[chess problems]] involving changes to the rules of chess. ...w each piece moves. The notation systems are explained [[Fairy chess piece|in this page]]. ...

[[File:Magent-graph-2.gif|thumb|Two rival teams of agents face off in a [https://github.com/Farama-Foundation/MAgent#readme MARL experiment]]] ...ts these interests are opposed to the interests of other agents, resulting in complex [[group dynamics]]. ...

...avvides |first5=Marios |date=2022-04-01 |title=Deep reinforcement learning in computer vision: a comprehensive survey |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462 ...198650/slug/foundations-of-deep-reinforcement-learning-theory-and-practice-in-python.html |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=Open Library Telkom University ...

...e number of [[integer]]s.<ref>{{harvnb|Maddox|2002|loc=pp. 113–117}}</ref> In this usage, infinity is a mathematical concept, and infinite [[mathematical ...|s2cid=13475845}}</ref> for solving a long-standing problem that is stated in terms of [[elementary arithmetic]]. ...

...rks]], containing a chapter dedicated to counter the criticisms made of it in the 1980s. ...oted loud discussions in conferences, yet remained friendly.{{sfn|Olazaran|1996}} ...

...6">{{cite book |last1=Hariharan |first1=P. |title=Optical Holography |date=1996 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=97805214334 ...rocess of producing a holographic reconstruction is explained below purely in terms of interference and diffraction. It is somewhat simplified but is acc ...

...tudies the application of logical methods to philosophical problems, often in the form of extended logical systems like [[modal logic]]. But other theori ...on whether the criteria of valid inference and logical truth are specified in terms of syntax or semantics. ...

...ogle.com/patent/US7058628B1/en|title=US7058628B1 - Method for node ranking in a linked database - Google Patents|access-date=September 14, 2019|website=[ ...date = 2015-09-27 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.115.5930 | s2cid = 7587743 }}</ref> In practice, the PageRank concept may be vulnerable to manipulation. Research ...

...ctors and improvements computational power. The technique has applications in visual diffraction imaging, phase orientation and strain mapping, phase con The name 4D STEM is common in literature, however it is known by other names: 4D STEM [[EELS]], ND STEM ( ...

...l system]] that articulates a [[proof system]]. Logic plays a central role in many fields, such as [[philosophy]], [[mathematics]], [[computer science]], ...if...then]]). Simple propositions also have parts, like "Sunday" or "work" in the example. The truth of a proposition usually depends on the meanings of ...

...ician and naval engineer [[Jean-Charles de Borda]], who devised the system in 1770.{{sfn|McLean|Urken|Hewitt|1995|p=81}} ...on Sophisticated Voting under Borda's Method |journal=Public Choice |date=1996 |volume=89 |issue=1/2 |pages=17–25 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/300241 ...

...st=Julia |editor2-last=Krug |editor2-first=Manfred |title=Research Methods in Language Variation and Change: Computer mapping of language data |date= 24 In teaching technical geography, instructors often need to fall back on exampl ...

...47.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo]] wrote aerodynamic studies in a notebook eventually titled <nowiki>''</nowiki>[[Codex on the Flight of Bi ...reospecific Polymerization: A revolution in polymer synthesis has occurred in the last decade. |journal=Science |date=14 August 1964 |volume=145 |issue=3 ...

...lden Age''' was a period of scientific, economic, and cultural flourishing in the [[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 1 ...ts|Mongol invasions]] and the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Siege of Baghdad]] in 1258.<ref name="Tahir Abbas">{{cite book|title=Islamic Radicalism and Multi ...