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{{Short description|Economic indicator for the U.S. dollar}} == History == ...

In [[microeconomics]], excess demand, also known as [[shortage]], is a phenome ...4}} It is the product's [[demand function]] minus its [[supply function]]. In a pure [[exchange economy]], the excess demand is the sum of all agents' de ...

...bsence of a price or money supply relationship with output and employment) in the long-run. The [[Policy Ineffectiveness Proposition|policy ineffectiven ...hat countries with a history of stable price levels exhibit larger effects in response to monetary policy than countries where prices have been volatile. ...

...power from the [[salinity gradient]] energy resulting from the difference in the salt concentration between sea and river water. == History == ...

...ored by [[Milton Friedman]] and [[David I. Meiselman]] and first published in 1963, as part of studies submitted to the [[Commission on Money and Credit] ...An Update|year=2014|journal=[[Journal of Economic Education|The Journal of Economic Education]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=45|issue=2|pages=131–146| ...

...y followed by the financial media as a valuation measure for the US market in both its absolute,<ref name=Bloomberg1/><ref name=Forbes/><ref name=VisualC ...high during the so-called "[[everything bubble]]", crossing the 200% level in February 2021;<ref name=Bloomberg1/><ref name=CurrentMarketValuation/> a le ...

...ogramme in the [[United Kingdom]]. The funding for the project was cut off in the early 1980s after oil supplies rebounded and the UK government moved aw ==History== ...

==History== ...tax relief in respect of royalties and other income from licenses patented in Ireland. ...

{{short description|Overview of unemployment in the United Kingdom}} ...y, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018) [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044 ...

{{Short description|Centralized investment and economic input decision-making model under Leninist states}} {{Missing information|similarities and differences of Soviet-style planning in Eastern Bloc countries outside the Soviet Union|date=March 2019}} ...

{{Short description|Concept in projective geometry}} ...s and that does not contain an entire line. The concept can be generalized in several ways. Instead of talking about points and lines, one could deal wit ...

{{History of the People's Republic of China}} ...e system suitable for the future socialist economy. After two wage reforms in 1952 and 1956, a new wage system was established, and its influence continu ...

...y state. A steady state that is less resilient can be thought of as a ball in a shallow valley, where smaller perturbations can be enough to make the sys ...ed. On the other hand, a less resilient steady state corresponds to a ball in a shallow valley, so the ball will take a much longer time to return to the ...

...ho were unwilling to learn codes, and employers who did not want to invest in staff training. ...s most successful system was eventually a one-needle system that continued in service into the 1930s. ...

{{Not to be confused with|Marxism}}{{Short description|School of economic thought}} ...objectives, needs, and political conditions of the socialist construction in the Soviet Union, contributing to the development of Soviet [[Political eco ...

...Acting Assistant Professor of Industrial Engineering in 1966 and retiring in 2005. He is notable for his work on mathematical programming/optimization, ...hematics. He joined the Mathematics Department at the [[Middlesex School]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts]], where he spent two years. Midway through the la ...

{{short description|Overview of science and technology in Russia}} [[File:Shukhov tower shabolovka moscow 02.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Shukhov Tower]] in Moscow]] ...

|contributions = [[Economic growth]], [[Theory of value (economics)|Theory of value]], Mathematical for ...of Post Keynesian Economics]]'', ''[[Kyklos]]'', ''[[Structural Change and Economic Dynamics]]'' ...

...vior, and refinements of [[Nash equilibrium]] (see [[solution concept]]). In cooperative game theory he contributed to the solution concepts called the ...robability theory<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mertens|first=Jean-François|year=1973|title=Strongly supermedian functions and optimal stopping|journal=Probabili ...

...ance to customers,<ref name="Wyner"/> and marketing initiatives. A network in marketing can be formed either strategically (e.g. [[Business networking]]) ...duction and marketing activities involved in creating and delivering value in the form of products and services to intermediate and final customers.”</bl ...