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In [[microeconomics]], excess demand, also known as [[shortage]], is a phenome ...4}} It is the product's [[demand function]] minus its [[supply function]]. In a pure [[exchange economy]], the excess demand is the sum of all agents' de ...

...h of [[econometrics]] which applies [[Bayesianism|Bayesian]] principles to economic modelling. Bayesianism is based on a degree-of-belief [[probability interp ...ded by probability of B. Bayesian econometricians assume that coefficients in the model have [[prior distribution]]s. ...

...ogramme in the [[United Kingdom]]. The funding for the project was cut off in the early 1980s after oil supplies rebounded and the UK government moved aw ==History== ...

...rly FloDesign Wind Turbine Inc.), which also received its series A funding in April 2008. Optiwind<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.optiwind.com/ |title=H ==History== ...

...ocks is done from "composites" that are point measures of the grade of ore in the rock. Several different mathematical methods can be used to do the esti ...s a [[Voronoi diagram]] composed of [[polygons]] each with a unique grade; in three dimensions this method generates a [[Voronoi diagram]] composed of [[ ...

...ioneEarthOvershootDay.png|thumb|Evolution of the Earth Overshoot Day dates in time]] ...that year), and multiplying by 365 (366 in leap years), the number of days in a year: ...

{{Short description|Cooperative in Washington, D.C.}} ...tol Hill Babysitting Coop, July 4th parade.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The co-op in the 2000s]] ...

...trast to [[dynamic stochastic general equilibrium]] models, which are used in mainstream economics. ==Background and history== ...

{{Short description|Centralized investment and economic input decision-making model under Leninist states}} {{Missing information|similarities and differences of Soviet-style planning in Eastern Bloc countries outside the Soviet Union|date=March 2019}} ...

...r=T. Rephann|author2=A. Isserman|name-list-style=amp|title=New Highways as Economic Development Tools|url=http://www.rri.wvu.edu/pdffiles/wp9313.pdf|work=West ...least under some scenarios infrastructure-based investment contributes to economic growth, both nationally and locally, and can be profitable, as measured by ...

...60s when he was in his late fifties and early sixties. He published mostly in the [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]-based ''[[Quarterly Journal of Pu ...etch of Blissard's life, [[Eric Temple Bell|E. T. Bell]] writes, "His rank in the tripos, however, was not a just measure of his mathematical ability, as ...

| caption = Shirata in 2019 ...ness-sentiments-and-real-financial-positions/|title=The Economic Condition in Japan: Business Sentiments and Real Financial Positions|access-date=14 July ...

...r}}{{Short description|Application of mathematical and statistical methods in finance}} ...s a field of [[applied mathematics]], concerned with mathematical modeling in the [[Finance#Quantitative_finance|financial field]]. ...

...ored by [[Milton Friedman]] and [[David I. Meiselman]] and first published in 1963, as part of studies submitted to the [[Commission on Money and Credit] ...An Update|year=2014|journal=[[Journal of Economic Education|The Journal of Economic Education]]|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|volume=45|issue=2|pages=131–146| ...

{{short description|Overview of unemployment in the United Kingdom}} ...y, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018) [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044 ...

...ance to customers,<ref name="Wyner"/> and marketing initiatives. A network in marketing can be formed either strategically (e.g. [[Business networking]]) ...duction and marketing activities involved in creating and delivering value in the form of products and services to intermediate and final customers.”</bl ...

{{short description|Umbrella term in the business world}} ...codetermination]], and other mechanisms which employees use to participate in their firm's decision making and financial results. ...

==History== ...tax relief in respect of royalties and other income from licenses patented in Ireland. ...

{{Not to be confused with|Marxism}}{{Short description|School of economic thought}} ...objectives, needs, and political conditions of the socialist construction in the Soviet Union, contributing to the development of Soviet [[Political eco ...

...rgetics |location=Berlin New York}}</ref> and are of particular importance in the urban scaling framework. ...abolic rate and mass. A theoretical explanation of allometric scaling laws in biology was provided by the [[Metabolic Scaling Theory]].<ref name=":5" /> ...