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...nts''' are [[Knot invariant|invariants]] introduced by [[Vladimir Arnold]] in 1994<ref name="arnold1994">Arnold, V. I. (1994). ''Topological Invariants o ...ns]].<ref name="whitney1937">Whitney, H. (1937). "On regular closed curves in the plane". Compositio Mathematica, 4, 276-284.</ref> These transformations ...

...ho published a proof of it in 1937.<ref name="birkhoff">{{harvtxt|Birkhoff|1937}}.</ref> ...ined in this way is a distributive lattice. Birkhoff's theorem states that in fact ''all'' finite distributive lattices can be obtained this way, and lat ...

...r set]]s of the partial order, and its dimension is the number of elements in the partial order. The order polytope is a [[distributive polytope]], meani ...and <math>y\le x</math> can be true), and transitive (for all <math>x,y,z\in S</math>, if <math>x\le y</math> and <math>y\le z</math> then <math>x\le z< ...

...e most famous problems in [[location theory]]. It requires finding a point in the plane that minimizes the sum of the transportation costs from this poin ...een used for the unweighted geometric median problem. The Weber problem is in turn generalized by the [[attraction–repulsion problem]], which allows some ...

...}}</ref><ref name="Kok2007">{{cite journal | title=Linear optical quantum computing with photonic qubits | author=Kok, P. | journal=Rev. Mod. Phys. | year=2007 ...diagram or [[quantum network]] based on the quantum circuit model. Quantum computing with continuous variables is also possible under the linear optics scheme.< ...

...of the family of all solutions to the problem. It was originally described in the 1970s by [[John Horton Conway]] and [[Donald Knuth]].{{r|knuth|hwang}} ...ce. The family of all rotations and their partial order can be constructed in [[polynomial time]], leading to polynomial time solutions for other problem ...

...s a generalisation of Darcy's equation (or [[Darcy's law]]) for water flow in porous media. The porous media are usually [[sedimentary rock]]s such as [[ ...th> g\nabla z </math> or <math> g{\mathbf{e}_z}{^{3}} </math>. Notice that in petroleum engineering the spatial co-ordinate system is right-hand-oriented ...

{{Short description|Ratio in statistics}} ...on standard deviation is unknown. For example, the ''t''-statistic is used in estimating the [[population mean]] from a [[sampling distribution]] of [[sa ...

...binary tiling.png|alt=Binary tiling on Poincare disk|thumb|A binary tiling in the [[Poincaré disk model]] of the [[hyperbolic plane]]. Each tile edge lie In [[geometry]], a '''binary tiling''' (sometimes called a '''Böröczky tiling' ...

{{Short description|Cycles in a graph that generate all cycles}} In [[graph theory]], a branch of mathematics, a '''cycle basis''' of an [[undi ...

...g problem for all possible program–input pairs. The problem comes up often in discussions of [[computability]] since it demonstrates that some functions ...cidability as it means no program {{var|f}} will solve the halting problem in every possible case. ...

...mic uncertainty|aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties]] that is often used in [[risk analysis]] or quantitative [[uncertainty]] modeling where [[Numerica An example p-box is shown in the figure at right for an uncertain number ''x'' consisting of a left (upp ...

...81|issn=2374-3468|doi-access=free|arxiv=1911.09488}}</ref> Some situations in which not all resources are available include: Some situations in which not all participants are available include: ...

...nsion] as an indicator of target organ damage and a useful additional test in the investigation of [[hypertension]].<ref name="Mancia2013">{{cite journal ...similar to the calculation of the [[speed of sound]], <math>{c_0}</math>, in a [[Compressibility|compressible]] [[fluid]] (e.g. [[Atmosphere of Earth|ai ...

| parameters = <math>\lambda\in (0, \infty)</math> (rate) | support = <math>k \in \mathbb{N}_0</math> ([[Natural numbers]] starting from&nbsp;0) ...

...c4856#page-17 |title=RFC 4856 – Media Type Registration of Payload Formats in the RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences – Registration of Media Typ ...gital telephony]] and other digital audio applications. In a PCM [[Stream (computing)|stream]], the [[amplitude]] of the analog signal is [[Sampling (signal pro ...

...w [[insertion loss|loss]]. Examples of [[microwave filter]] use are found in [[satellite communications]], [[telephone network]]s, and [[television broa ...termeasure]]s, but afterwards soon found civilian applications such as use in [[microwave link]]s. Much of post-war development was concerned with reduci ...

{{short description|1938 achievement in physics}} ...r power]] and [[nuclear weapon]]s. Hahn was awarded the 1944 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for the discovery of nuclear fission. ...

...hematics|mathematical]] methods to represent theories and analyze problems in [[economics]]. Often, these [[Applied mathematics#Economics|applied method ...l relationships asserted to clarify assumptions and implications.<ref>* As in ''Handbook of Mathematical Economics'', 1st-page chapter links:<br/>&nbsp;& ...

...ean algebra is therefore a formal way of describing [[logical operation]]s in the same way that elementary algebra describes numerical operations. ...d is provided for in all modern [[programming language]]s. It is also used in [[set theory]] and [[statistics]].<ref name="Givant-Halmos_2009"/> ...