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...he basis of centrifugal force was dynamically superfluous.<ref>A. R. Hall, Philosophers at War, 2002, pp 150-151</ref> ==Eighteenth century== ...

{{short description|System of propositional logic developed by the Stoic philosophers}} ...the system of [[propositional logic]] developed by the [[Stoicism|Stoic]] philosophers in [[ancient Greece]]. ...

...ain periods in the history of ontological arguments. The first was in 11th century, when St. Anselm of Canterbury came up with the first ontological argument" ...ents have been categorised as ontological, including those made by Islamic philosophers [[Mulla Sadra]] and [[Allama Tabatabai]]. ...

...heorizing about utility, with the advent of logical positivism in the 20th century, they felt they needed a more empirical structure. Because [[binary relatio ...ts have differing definitions of what a [[rational agent]] is. In the 18th century, utilitarianism gave insight into the utility-maximizing versions of ration ...

...usefulness with the production of pleasure and avoidance of pain by moral philosophers, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.<ref>[[Jeremy Bentham|Bentham, Jeremy] ...rews |first2=U |publisher=Macmillan Education |isbn=9789386811684 |edition=18th |pages=34}}</ref> For example, three bites of candy are better than two bit ...

...0-7914-6800-5 |page=167 |quote=In fact it was common among Persian Islamic philosophers to write few quatrains on the side often in the spirit of some of the poems ...gfried J. de |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC|year=1994|publisher=UNES ...

...ermodynamic work, the caloric theory was, around the end of the eighteenth century, replaced by the "mechanical" theory of heat, which is accepted today. === 17th century–early 18th century === ...

...irst=Jon |year=2012 |publication-date=2012 |title=Science in the Twentieth Century and Beyond |location=Cambridge |publisher=Polity Press |isbn=978-0-7456-346 ...and [[Hamiltonian mechanics]]). These advances, made predominantly in the 18th and 19th centuries, extended beyond earlier works; they are, with some modi ...

...tions occurred at the beginning of the Mongol [[Yuan dynasty]] in the 13th century, but was later brought back with regional quotas which favored the Mongols [[File:Tripos_exam_1842.jpg|thumb|From the mid 19th century, universities began to institute written examinations to assess the aptitud ...

Twentieth-century French philosopher [[Alain Badiou]] claimed that [[ontology]] is mathematic In many cases, natural philosophers and other scientists who have made extensive use of mathematics have made l ...

...some precursors of the concept can perhaps be seen in the work of medieval philosophers and mathematicians such as [[Oresme]]. ...ded a function as being defined by an [[analytic expression]]. In the 19th century, the demands of the rigorous development of [[mathematical analysis|analysi ...

...rd|2000|p=1377}}{{sfn|Dimand|2008}} Monetary theory dates back to the 16th century and the work of [[Martín de Azpilcueta]], while business cycle analysis dat ...sity of Cambridge|Cambridge]] economists over the course of the early 20th century.{{sfn|Snowdon|Vane|2005|p=50}} Fisher's version of the quantity theory can ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...phor of a [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] began to be applied in 19th-century literature about [[Islamic history]], in the context of the western aesthet ...

...teseerx=10.1.1.58.8477 |s2cid=13387519 }}</ref> by [[Paolo Uccello]]. 15th century]] ...List of mathematical artists|Artists have used mathematics]] since the 4th century BC when the Greek [[sculpture|sculptor]] [[Polykleitos]] wrote [[Polykleito ...

Iranian philosophers and inventors may have created the first batteries (sometimes known as the ...or [[panemone windmill]] first appeared in [[Greater Iran]] during the 9th century.<ref>Glick, Thomas F., Steven Livesey, and Faith Wallis. Medieval science, ...

==Recorded history before 12th century== ...Oxford|access-date=14 October 2014|url=http://www.visitoruk.com/Oxford/8th-century-T4311.html}}</ref> ...

...m, as well as to various movements of the late 19th century and early 20th century such as [[Luminism (American art style)|American]], [[Belgium|Belgian]], an ...echnique used throughout the ages, although with more intensity during the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name=":9"/> As it is a wet technique, it provides g ...

...tle= Tutankhamun's Armies: Battle and Conquest during Ancient Egypt's Late 18th Dynasty |location= Hoboken |publisher= John Wiley & Sons |isbn= 97804717435 ...mented battle in the history of the world is the [[Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC)|Battle of Megiddo]].<ref name="Dupay">Trevor N. Dupuy, ''Evolution of W ...

...ks.google.com/books?id=UULl07dutBwC |title=British Logic in the Nineteenth Century |last2=Woods |first2=John |date=2008-03-10 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0- ...e.com/books?id=-NrzBwAAQBAJ |title=Theorem Proving in Higher Order Logics: 18th International Conference, TPHOLs 2005, Oxford, UK, August 22-25, 2005, Proc ...