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{{main|Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records|Russian scientists|Russian inventors}} At the start of the 18th century the [[Reforms of Peter I of Russia|reforms of Peter the Great]] (founder of ...

...eld emerged in the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic world]] during the 3rd century BC from applications of [[geometry]] to [[Astronomy|astronomical studies]]. ...PA235 235–236]|loc="Appendix 1: Hipparchus's Table of Chords"}} In the 2nd century AD, the Greco-Egyptian astronomer [[Ptolemy]] (from Alexandria, Egypt) cons ...

...tician, author of many of the best books on arithmetic written in the 15th Century ...cribes 49 machines, tools and technical concepts that predated many future inventions ...

...ermodynamic work, the caloric theory was, around the end of the eighteenth century, replaced by the "mechanical" theory of heat, which is accepted today. === 17th century–early 18th century === ...

| Chinese [[rod numerals]] || 10 || 𝍠 𝍡 𝍢 𝍣 𝍤 𝍥 𝍦 𝍧 𝍨 𝍩 || {{sort|1|1st Century}} ...et#Numerals|Coptic numerals]] || 10 || Ⲁ Ⲃ Ⲅ Ⲇ Ⲉ Ⲋ Ⲍ Ⲏ Ⲑ || {{sort|100|2nd Century}} ...

...ntro"/> It was often called the "absolute Celsius" scale in the early 20th century.<ref name="absoluteC"/> The kelvin was formally added to the International During the 18th century, [[Conversion of scales of temperature|multiple temperature scales]] were d ...

...e = Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels| publisher = Twenty-First Century Books| year = 2000| location = USA| pages = 58| url = https://books.google. ...athematician]] [[Archytas| Archytas of Tarentum]] (428–350 BC). By the 1st century BC, wooden screws were commonly used throughout the [[Mediterranean Sea|Med ...

This page aims to list inventions and discoveries in which women played a major role. ...ysics)|period]] of [[Cepheid]] [[variable stars]] at the beginning of 20th century. ...

...tps://web.archive.org/web/20190222020750/http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/battery.htm Fascinating facts about the invention of the Electric Battery b ...t cells unsuitable for portable appliances. Near the end of the nineteenth century, the invention of [[dry cell|dry cell batteries]], which replaced the liqui ...

...the [[seconds pendulum]] (a pendulum with a half-period of one second) one century earlier, but this was rejected as it had been discovered that this length v ...des Archives]]}}, a platinum bar held in Paris. During the mid nineteenth century, following the [[American Revolution]] and [[Decolonization of the Americas ...

*'''[[Andrey Bolotov]]''', major 18th-century [[agriculturist]], discovered [[dichogamy]], pioneered [[cross-pollination] *'''[[Sergei Chetverikov]]''', pioneer of [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern evolutionary synthesis]] ...

{{See also|Islamic science|Inventions in medieval Islam|Timeline of Islamic science and technology|Academy of Gun ...or [[panemone windmill]] first appeared in [[Greater Iran]] during the 9th century.<ref>Glick, Thomas F., Steven Livesey, and Faith Wallis. Medieval science, ...

Egyptian inventions and discoveries are objects, processes or techniques which owe their existe ...tle= Tutankhamun's Armies: Battle and Conquest during Ancient Egypt's Late 18th Dynasty |location= Hoboken |publisher= John Wiley & Sons |isbn= 97804717435 ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...phor of a [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] began to be applied in 19th-century literature about [[Islamic history]], in the context of the western aesthet ...