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...s Xavier in Bologna, under the guidance of Luigi Marchenti, a pupil of the French mathematician [[Pierre Varignon]]. He entered the [[Society of Jesus]] on D ...i Analitiche''. Riccati's ''Institutiones analyticae'' is the fullest 18th-century Italian treatise on analytic methods in mathematics. ...

...n [[double-slit experiment]], performed at the beginning of the nineteenth century by [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]]. This experiment played a majo ==Theories of light propagation in the 17th and 18th centuries== ...

...Air resistance experiments were performed by investigators throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, aided by the construction of the first [[wind tunnel]] Aerodynamics work throughout the 19th century sought to achieve [[heavier-than-air]] flight. [[George Cayley]] developed ...

The '''Schiehallion experiment''' was an 18th-century [[experiment]] to determine the [[Arithmetic mean|mean]] [[density of the E ...s law of universal gravitation|theory of gravitation]]; however, a team of scientists, notably [[Nevil Maskelyne]], the [[Astronomer Royal]], was convinced that ...

...actions. The system became the standard of France and Europe within half a century. Other measures with unity ratios<ref group="Note">ratios of 1 between mag ...irst practical realisation of the metric system came in 1799, during the [[French Revolution]], after the existing system of measures had become impractical ...

...ref> Although the law was known earlier, it was first published in 1785 by French physicist [[Charles-Augustin de Coulomb]]. Coulomb's law was essential to t ...almers |title=The Lodestone and the Understanding of Matter in Seventeenth Century England |journal=Philosophy of Science |year=1937 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages ...

...ermodynamic work, the caloric theory was, around the end of the eighteenth century, replaced by the "mechanical" theory of heat, which is accepted today. === 17th century–early 18th century === ...

...lestium]]}} in 1543. Increasingly accurate measurements were required, and scientists looked for measures that were universal and could be based on natural pheno ...the [[seconds pendulum]] (a pendulum with a half-period of one second) one century earlier, but this was rejected as it had been discovered that this length v ...

...of matter occurs between the liquid and plasma states,<ref>This early 20th century discussion infers what is regarded as the plasma state. See page 137 of Ame The word ''gas'' was first used by the early 17th-century [[Flemish people|Flemish]] chemist [[Jan Baptist van Helmont]].<ref>{{Cite ...

...is one of the six classical [[simple machines]] defined by [[Renaissance]] scientists.<ref name="Anderson">{{cite book ...e = Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels| publisher = Twenty-First Century Books| year = 2000| location = USA| pages = 58| url = https://books.google. ...

Twentieth-century French philosopher [[Alain Badiou]] claimed that [[ontology]] is mathematics.<ref> In many cases, natural philosophers and other scientists who have made extensive use of mathematics have made leaps of inference bet ...

...enturies when a rigorous symbolic formalism was developed. In the mid-19th century, the scope of algebra broadened beyond a [[theory of equations]] to cover d ...[[polynomial equations]] in view of solving them. This changed in the 19th century{{efn|These changes were in part triggered by discoveries that solved many o ...

...nk it's not a battery. I think the people who argue it's a battery are not scientists, basically. I don't know anybody who thinks it's a real battery in the fiel ...or [[panemone windmill]] first appeared in [[Greater Iran]] during the 9th century.<ref>Glick, Thomas F., Steven Livesey, and Faith Wallis. Medieval science, ...

...the human population will begin to decline in the second half of the 21st century.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cave |first1=Damien |last2=Bubola |first2=Emma |las ...s, broken down by continents, were published in the first half of the 19th century, at 600 million to 1&nbsp;billion in the early 1800s and 800&nbsp;million t ...

...ysics)|period]] of [[Cepheid]] [[variable stars]] at the beginning of 20th century. :[[Merieme Chadid]] is a French and Moroccan astronomer and explorer who discovered hypersonic shock waves ...

| caption2 = Italian physicist [[Alessandro Volta]] demonstrating his pile to French emperor [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] ...t cells unsuitable for portable appliances. Near the end of the nineteenth century, the invention of [[dry cell|dry cell batteries]], which replaced the liqui ...

..., who made extensive use of this special case of Taylor series in the 18th century.}} Materials scientists emphasize understanding, how the history of a material (''processing'') inf ...