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Since antiquity, astronomers have progressively refined the definition of the tropical year. The entry f In the 2nd century BC [[Hipparchus]] measured the time required for the Sun to travel from an ...

The '''Schiehallion experiment''' was an 18th-century [[experiment]] to determine the [[Arithmetic mean|mean]] [[density of the E A pair of French astronomers, [[Pierre Bouguer]] and [[Charles Marie de La Condamine]], were the first t ...

...actions. The system became the standard of France and Europe within half a century. Other measures with unity ratios<ref group="Note">ratios of 1 between mag ...ts for length, mass and time. Advances in [[electromagnetism]] in the 19th century necessitated additional units to be defined, and multiple incompatible syst ...

At the start of the 18th century the [[Reforms of Peter I of Russia|reforms of Peter the Great]] (founder of ...ast=Jorpes |first=J. Erik |title=Alfred Nobel |jstor=25386146 |journal=The British Medical Journal |volume=1 |number=5113 |date=3 January 1959 |pages=1–6|doi= ...

Eventually,<ref>The Mesopotamian (modern-day Iraq) astronomers recorded astronomical observations with the naked eye, more than 3500 years [[Galileo]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], and most people up until the 20th century thought that time was the same for everyone everywhere. This is the basis f ...

{{Use British English|date=November 2019}} ...the [[seconds pendulum]] (a pendulum with a half-period of one second) one century earlier, but this was rejected as it had been discovered that this length v ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...phor of a [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] began to be applied in 19th-century literature about [[Islamic history]], in the context of the western aesthet ...

...or [[panemone windmill]] first appeared in [[Greater Iran]] during the 9th century.<ref>Glick, Thomas F., Steven Livesey, and Faith Wallis. Medieval science, The 9th century mathematician [[Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]] founded algebra and expand ...