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Astronomers and great thinkers of the past were able to record observations and attempt === Chinese theories === ...

Since antiquity, astronomers have progressively refined the definition of the tropical year. The entry f ...e word "tropical" was lent to the period of the seasonal cycle . The early Chinese, Hindus, Greeks, and others made approximate measures of the tropical year. ...

...peared throughout history, including the work of [[Desargues]] in the 17th century, all the way back to the implicit use of [[spherical geometry]] to understa ...the theory of [[manifold]]s and [[Riemannian geometry]]. Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the [[parallel postulate]] ([[non-Eucl ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...hers place the end of the Islamic Golden Age as late as the end of 15th to 16th centuries, including the rise of the Islamic [[gunpowder empires]].<ref nam ...