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{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}} ...n science|science]], particularly the [[Indian astronomy|astronomy]] and [[Indian mathematics|mathematics]] of the [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathemati ...

...harvnb|Katz|1995}}; {{harvnb|Roy|2021|loc=Ch. 1. Power Series in Fifteenth-Century Kerala, pp.&nbsp;1–22}}</ref> Using modern notation, these series are: All three series were later independently discovered in 17th century Europe. The series for sine and cosine were rediscovered by [[Isaac Newton] ...

...eld emerged in the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic world]] during the 3rd century BC from applications of [[geometry]] to [[Astronomy|astronomical studies]]. [[Sumer]]ian astronomers studied angle measure, using a division of circles into 360 degrees.<ref>{{ ...

...ultaneous congruences]] in [[number theory]], was first created in the 3rd century AD in the mathematical book ''[[Sunzi Suanjing]]'' posed the problem: "Ther ...s in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to around the 13th century, including the ''Noon and Midnight Manual'' and the ''Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid ...

...peared throughout history, including the work of [[Desargues]] in the 17th century, all the way back to the implicit use of [[spherical geometry]] to understa ...the theory of [[manifold]]s and [[Riemannian geometry]]. Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the [[parallel postulate]] ([[non-Eucl ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...while others place the end of the Islamic Golden Age as late as the end of 15th to 16th centuries, including the rise of the Islamic [[gunpowder empires]]. ...

...or [[panemone windmill]] first appeared in [[Greater Iran]] during the 9th century.<ref>Glick, Thomas F., Steven Livesey, and Faith Wallis. Medieval science, ...mmad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]] founded algebra and expanded upon Persian and Indian arithmetic systems. His writings were translated into [[Latin]] by [[Gerard ...

...on has noted that Einstein's reminiscences were probably colored by a half-century of hindsight. Norton lists several problems with Einstein's recounting, bot :2. A 19th century [[Aether theories|aether theorist]] would have had no difficulties with the ...