Siddhaṃ script
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Template:Infobox writing system Template:Brahmic Template:Contains special charactersTemplate:Contains special characters
Template:IAST (also Template:IAST[1]), also known in its later evolved form as Siddhamātṛkā,[2] is a medieval Brahmic abugida, derived from the Gupta script and ancestral to the Nāgarī, Eastern Nagari, Tirhuta, Odia and Nepalese scripts.[3]
The word Template:IAST means "accomplished" or "perfected" in Sanskrit. The script received its name from the practice of writing Template:IAST, or Template:IAST (may there be perfection), at the head of documents. Other names for the script include bonji (Template:Langx) "Brahma's characters" and "Sanskrit script" and Template:Zh "Siddhaṃ script".
History
The Template:IAST script evolved from the Gupta Brahmi script in the late 6th century CE.[4]
Many Buddhist texts taken to China along the Silk Road were written using a version of the Template:IAST script. This continued to evolve, and minor variations are seen across time, and in different regions. Importantly, it was used for transmitting the Buddhist tantra texts. At the time it was considered important to preserve the pronunciation of mantras, and Chinese was not suitable for writing the sounds of Sanskrit. This led to the retention of the Template:IAST script in East Asia. The practice of writing using Template:IAST survived in East Asia where Tantric Buddhism persisted.
Kūkai introduced the Template:IAST script to Japan when he returned from China in 806, where he studied Sanskrit with Nalanda-trained monks including one known as Prajñā (Template:Zh; 734–Template:Circa). By the time Kūkai learned this script, the trading and pilgrimage routes over land to India had been closed by the expanding Abbasid Caliphate.[5]
In the middle of the 9th century, China experienced a series of purges of "foreign religions", thus cutting Japan off from the sources of Template:IAST texts. In time, other scripts, particularly Devanagari, replaced Template:IAST in India, while Template:IAST's northeastern derivative called Gaudi evolved to become the Eastern Nagari, Tirhuta, Odia and also the Nepalese scripts in the eastern and northeastern regions of South Asia,[6][7] leaving East Asia as the only region where Template:IAST is still used.
There were special forms of Siddhaṃ used in Korea that varied significantly from those used in China and Japan, and there is evidence that Siddhaṃ was written in Central Asia, as well, by the early 7th century.
As was done with Chinese characters, Japanese Buddhist scholars sometimes created multiple characters with the same phonological value to add meaning to Siddhaṃ characters. This practice, in effect, represents a 'blend' of the Chinese style of writing and the Indian style of writing and allows Sanskrit texts in Siddhaṃ to be differentially interpreted as they are read, as was done with Chinese characters that the Japanese had adopted. This led to multiple variants of the same characters.[8]
Characteristics
Template:IAST is an abugida rather than an alphabet, as each character indicates a syllable, including a consonant and (possibly) a vowel. If the vowel sound is not explicitly indicated, the short 'a' is assumed. Diacritic marks are used to indicate other vowels, as well as the anusvara and visarga. A virama can be used to indicate that the consonant letter stands alone with no vowel, which sometimes happens at the end of Sanskrit words.
Siddhaṃ texts were usually written from left to right then top to bottom, as with other Brahmic scripts, but occasionally they were written in the traditional Chinese style, from top to bottom then right to left. Bilingual Siddhaṃ-Japanese texts show the manuscript turned 90 degrees clockwise and the Japanese is written from top to bottom, as is typical of Japanese, and then the manuscript is turned back again, and the Siddhaṃ writing is continued from left to right (the resulting Japanese characters appear sideways).
Over time, additional markings were developed, including punctuation marks, head marks, repetition marks, end marks, special ligatures to combine conjuncts and rarely to combine syllables, and several ornaments of the scribe's choice, which are not currently encoded. The nuqta is also used in some modern Siddhaṃ texts.
Vowels
Alternative forms 
Template:IAST
Template:IAST
Template:IAST
Template:IAST
Template:IAST
Template:IAST
Template:IAST
Template:IAST
Template:IAST
Template:IAST
Independent form Romanized As diacritic with 
Independent form Romanized As diacritic with
Template:Script 
Template:IAST Template:Script 
Template:Script 
Template:IAST Template:Script Template:Script 
Template:IAST Template:Script 
Template:IAST
Consonants
Conjuncts in alphabet Template:Script 
Template:IAST
Template:Script 
Template:IAST
Conjuncts
- ↑ The combinations that contain adjoining duplicate letters should be deleted in this table.
Template:Script 
Template:IAST
Template:Script 
Template:IAST
Template:Script 
Template:IAST
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Template:IAST
- Alternative forms of conjuncts that contain Template:IAST.
Template:Script 
Template:IAST
Template:Script 
Template:IAST
Template:Script 
Template:IAST
Template:Script 
Template:IAST
ṛ syllables
Some sample syllables
Usage
In Japan, the writing of mantras and copying/reading of sutras using the Template:IAST script is still practiced in the esoteric schools of Shingon Buddhism and Tendai as well as in the syncretic sect of Shugendō. The characters are known as Template:Nihongo or Template:Nihongo. The Taishō Tripiṭaka version of the Chinese Buddhist canon preserves the Template:IAST characters for most mantras, and Korean Buddhists still write bījas in a modified form of Template:IAST. A recent innovation is the writing of Japanese language slogans on T-shirts using Bonji. Japanese Template:IAST has evolved from the original script used to write sūtras and is now somewhat different from the ancient script.[9][10][11]
It is typical to see Template:IAST written with a brush, as with Chinese writing; it is also written with a bamboo pen. In Japan, a special brush called a Template:Nihongo is used for formal Template:IAST calligraphy. The informal style is known as Template:Nihongo.
Siddhaṃ fonts
Template:IAST is still largely a hand written script. Some efforts have been made to create computer fonts, though to date none of these are capable of reproducing all of the Template:IAST conjunct consonants. Notably, the Chinese Buddhist Electronic Texts Association has created a Template:IAST font for their electronic version of the Taisho Template:IAST, though this does not contain all possible conjuncts. The software Mojikyo also contains fonts for Siddhaṃ, but split Siddhaṃ in different blocks and requires multiple fonts to render a single document.
A Template:IAST input system which relies on the CBETA font Siddhamkey 3.0 has been produced.
Unicode
Siddhaṃ script was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2014 with the release of version 7.0.
The Unicode block for Siddhaṃ is U+11580–U+115FF:
Template:Unicode chart Siddham
Gallery
This is a gallery of example usages of the Siddham script.
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A reproduction of the palm-leaf manuscript in Siddham script, originally held at Hōryū-ji Temple, Japan; now located in the Tokyo National Museum at the Gallery of Hōryū—ji Treasure. The original copy may be the earliest extant Sanskrit manuscript of the Heart Sutra dated to the 7th–8th century CE. It also contains the Sanskrit text of the Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra and the final line shows the Siddhaṃ abugida.Template:Sfn -
Chinese use of the Siddhaṃ script for the Pratisara mantra, from the Later Tang. 927 CE -
Chinese use of the Siddhaṃ script for the Mahāpratyaṅgirā mantra. 971 CE -
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Mirror with bijaksharas, Miyajima -
A stone inscription of the Buddhist Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra at Asakusa Temple in Tokyo using Siddham script. -
Siddhaṃ alphabet by Kūkai (774–835) -
A Buddhist altar in Kawasaki, Japan showing a devotional mantra inscribed in Siddham to Shakyamuni Buddha with Japanese pronunciation guide -
Shorter Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra written in katakana, Siddhaṃ scripts and kanji. This book was published in 1773 in Japan.
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
- Bonji Taikan (梵字大鑑). (Tōkyō: Meicho Fukyūkai, 1983)
- Chaudhuri, Saroj Kumar (1998). Siddham in China and Japan, Sino-Platonic papers No. 88
- Template:Citation
- Stevens, John. Sacred Calligraphy of the East. (Boston, MA: Shambala, 1995.)
- Van Gulik, R.H. Siddham: An Essay on the History of Sanskrit Studies in China and Japan (New Delhi, Jayyed Press, 1981).
- Yamasaki, Taikō. Shingon: Japanese Esoteric Buddhism. (Fresno: Shingon Buddhist International Institute, 1988.)
- Chandra, Lokesh (1965) Sanskrit bījas and mantras in Japan, New Delhi , International Academy of Indian Culture, BQ5125.B5 A75 1965
External links
- Fonts:
- Noto Sans Siddham from the Noto fonts project
- Muktamsiddham—Free Unicode Siddham font
- ApDevaSiddham—(Japanese) Free Unicode 8.0 Siddham Font (mirror)
- Siddham alphabet on Omniglot
- Examples of Siddham mantras Chinese language website.
- Visible Mantra an extensive collection of mantras and some sūtras in Siddhaṃ script
- Bonji Siddham Character and Pronunciation
- SiddhamKey Software for inputting Siddham characters
Template:- Template:List of writing systems
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web
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- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite book
- ↑ Handbook of Literacy in Akshara Orthography, R. Malatesha Joshi, Catherine McBride(2019)
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ SM Dine, 2012, Sanskrit Beyond Text: The Use of Bonji (Siddham) in Mandala and Other Imagery in Ancient and Medieval Japan, University of Washington.
- ↑ Siddhaṃ : the perfect script.
- ↑ Buddhism guide: Shingon.