Hölder condition

In mathematics, a real or complex-valued function Template:Math on Template:Mvar-dimensional Euclidean space satisfies a Hölder condition, or is Hölder continuous, when there are real constants Template:Math, Template:Math, such that $$|f(x)-f(y)|\le C\Vert x-y{\Vert }^{\alpha }$$ for all Template:Mvar and Template:Mvar in the domain of Template:Math. More generally, the condition can be formulated for functions between any two metric spaces. The number $\alpha$ is called the exponent of the Hölder condition. A function on an interval satisfying the condition with Template:Math is constant (see proof below). If Template:Math, then the function satisfies a Lipschitz condition. For any Template:Math, the condition implies the function is uniformly continuous. The condition is named after Otto Hölder. If $\alpha =0$, the function is simply bounded (takes values having absolute value at most $C$).

We have the following chain of inclusions for functions defined on a closed and bounded interval Template:Closed-closed of the real line with Template:Math:

where Template:Math.

Hölder spaces

Hölder spaces consisting of functions satisfying a Hölder condition are basic in areas of functional analysis relevant to solving partial differential equations, and in dynamical systems. The Hölder space Template:Math, where Template:Math is an open subset of some Euclidean space and k ≥ 0 an integer, consists of those functions on Ω having continuous derivatives up through order Template:Mvar and such that the Template:Mvar-th partial derivatives are Hölder continuous with exponent Template:Mvar, where Template:Math. This is a locally convex topological vector space. If the Hölder coefficient $${\left|f\right|}_{C^{0,\alpha }}=\underset{x,y\in \mathrm{\Omega },x\ne y}{\sup }\frac{|f(x)-f(y)|}{{\Vert x-y\Vert }^{\alpha }},$$ is finite, then the function Template:Math is said to be (uniformly) Hölder continuous with exponent Template:Mvar in Template:Math. In this case, the Hölder coefficient serves as a seminorm. If the Hölder coefficient is merely bounded on compact subsets of Template:Math, then the function Template:Math is said to be locally Hölder continuous with exponent Template:Mvar in Template:Math.

If the function Template:Math and its derivatives up to order Template:Mvar are bounded on the closure of Ω, then the Hölder space $C^{k,\alpha }(\bar{\mathrm{\Omega }})$ can be assigned the norm $${\Vert f\Vert }_{C^{k,\alpha }}={\Vert f\Vert }_{C^k}+\underset{|\beta |=k}{\max }{\left|D^{\beta }f\right|}_{C^{0,\alpha }}$$ where β ranges over multi-indices and $$\Vert f{\Vert }_{C^k}=\underset{|\beta |\le k}{\max }\underset{x\in \mathrm{\Omega }}{\sup }|D^{\beta }f(x)|.$$

These seminorms and norms are often denoted simply ${\left|f\right|}_{0,\alpha }$ and ${\Vert f\Vert }_{k,\alpha }$ or also ${\left|f\right|}_{0,\alpha ,\mathrm{\Omega }}$ and ${\Vert f\Vert }_{k,\alpha ,\mathrm{\Omega }}$ in order to stress the dependence on the domain of Template:Math. If Template:Math is open and bounded, then $C^{k,\alpha }(\bar{\mathrm{\Omega }})$ is a Banach space with respect to the norm Template:Nowrap

Compact embedding of Hölder spaces

Let Ω be a bounded subset of some Euclidean space (or more generally, any totally bounded metric space) and let 0 < α < β ≤ 1 two Hölder exponents. Then, there is an obvious inclusion map of the corresponding Hölder spaces: $$C^{0,\beta }(\mathrm{\Omega })\to C^{0,\alpha }(\mathrm{\Omega }),$$ which is continuous since, by definition of the Hölder norms, we have: $$\mathrm{\forall }f\in C^{0,\beta }(\mathrm{\Omega }):|f{|}_{0,\alpha ,\mathrm{\Omega }}\le \mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{m}(\mathrm{\Omega }{)}^{\beta -\alpha }|f{|}_{0,\beta ,\mathrm{\Omega }}.$$

Moreover, this inclusion is compact, meaning that bounded sets in the Template:Math norm are relatively compact in the Template:Math norm. This is a direct consequence of the Ascoli-Arzelà theorem. Indeed, let Template:Math be a bounded sequence in Template:Math. Thanks to the Ascoli-Arzelà theorem we can assume without loss of generality that Template:Math uniformly, and we can also assume Template:Math. Then $${|u_n-u|}_{0,\alpha }={\left|u_n\right|}_{0,\alpha }\to 0,$$ because $$\frac{|u_n(x)-u_n(y)|}{|x-y{|}^{\alpha }}={\left(\frac{|u_n(x)-u_n(y)|}{|x-y{|}^{\beta }}\right)}^{\frac{\alpha }{\beta }}{|u_n(x)-u_n(y)|}^{1-\frac{\alpha }{\beta }}\le |u_n{|}_{0,\beta }^{\frac{\alpha }{\beta }}{(2\Vert u_n{\Vert }_{\mathrm{\infty }})}^{1-\frac{\alpha }{\beta }}=o(1).$$

Examples

• If Template:Math then all $C^{0,\beta }(\bar{\mathrm{\Omega }})$ Hölder continuous functions on a bounded set Ω are also $C^{0,\alpha }(\bar{\mathrm{\Omega }})$ Hölder continuous. This also includes Template:Math and therefore all Lipschitz continuous functions on a bounded set are also Template:Math Hölder continuous.
• The function Template:Math (with Template:Math) defined on Template:Closed-closed serves as a prototypical example of a function that is Template:Math Hölder continuous for Template:Math, but not for Template:Math. Further, if we defined Template:Math analogously on $[0,\mathrm{\infty })$, it would be Template:Math Hölder continuous only for Template:Math.
• If a function $f$ is $\alpha$–Hölder continuous on an interval and $\alpha >1,$ then $f$ is constant.

Template:Hidden begin Consider the case $x<y$ where $x,y\in ℝ$. Then $\left|\frac{f(x)-f(y)}{x-y}\right|\le C|x-y{|}^{\alpha -1}$, so the difference quotient converges to zero as $|x-y|\to 0$. Hence $f^{\prime }$ exists and is zero everywhere. Mean-value theorem now implies $f$ is constant. Q.E.D.

Alternate idea: Fix $x<y$ and partition $[x,y]$ into $\{x_i{\}}_{i=0}^n$ where $x_k=x+\frac{k}{n}(y-x)$. Then $|f(x)-f(y)|\le |f(x_0)-f(x_1)|+|f(x_1)-f(x_2)|+\dots +|f(x_{n-1})-f(x_n)|\le \sum _{i=1}^{n}C{\left(\frac{|x-y|}{n}\right)}^{\alpha }=C|x-y{|}^{\alpha }{n}^{1-\alpha }\to 0$ as $n\to \mathrm{\infty }$, due to $\alpha >1$. Thus $f(x)=f(y)$. Q.E.D. Template:Hidden end

• There are examples of uniformly continuous functions that are not Template:Mvar–Hölder continuous for any Template:Mvar. For instance, the function defined on Template:Closed-closed by Template:Math and by Template:Math otherwise is continuous, and therefore uniformly continuous by the Heine-Cantor theorem. It does not satisfy a Hölder condition of any order, however.
• The Weierstrass function defined by: $$f(x)=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{a}^n\cos \left(b^n\pi x\right),$$ where $0<a<1,b$ is an integer, $b\ge 2$ and $ab>1+\frac{3\pi }{2},$ is Template:Mvar-Hölder continuous with $$\alpha =-\frac{\log (a)}{\log (b)}.$$
• The Cantor function is Hölder continuous for any exponent $\alpha \le \frac{\log 2}{\log 3},$ and for no larger one. (The number $\frac{\log 2}{\log 3}$ is the Hausdorff dimension of the standard Cantor set.) In the former case, the inequality of the definition holds with the constant Template:Math.
• Peano curves from Template:Closed-closed onto the square Template:Math can be constructed to be 1/2–Hölder continuous. It can be proved that when $\alpha >\frac{1}{2}$ the image of a $\alpha$-Hölder continuous function from the unit interval to the square cannot fill the square.
• Sample paths of Brownian motion are almost surely everywhere locally $\alpha$-Hölder for every $\alpha <\frac{1}{2}$.
• Functions which are locally integrable and whose integrals satisfy an appropriate growth condition are also Hölder continuous. For example, if we let $$u_{x,r}=\frac{1}{|B_r|}\underset{B_r(x)}{\int }u(y)dy$$ and Template:Math satisfies $$\underset{B_r(x)}{\int }{|u(y)-u_{x,r}|}^{2}dy\le C{r}^{n+2\alpha },$$ then Template:Math is Hölder continuous with exponent Template:Mvar.
• Functions whose oscillation decay at a fixed rate with respect to distance are Hölder continuous with an exponent that is determined by the rate of decay. For instance, if $$w(u,x_0,r)=\underset{B_r(x_0)}{\sup }u-\underset{B_r(x_0)}{\inf }u$$ for some function Template:Math satisfies $$w(u,x_0,\frac{r}{2})\le \lambda w(u,x_0,r)$$ for a fixed Template:Mvar with Template:Math and all sufficiently small values of Template:Mvar, then Template:Math is Hölder continuous.
• Functions in Sobolev space can be embedded into the appropriate Hölder space via Morrey's inequality if the spatial dimension is less than the exponent of the Sobolev space. To be precise, if $n<p\le \mathrm{\infty }$ then there exists a constant Template:Math, depending only on Template:Mvar and Template:Mvar, such that: $$\mathrm{\forall }u\in C^1({𝐑}^n)\cap L^p({𝐑}^n):\Vert u{\Vert }_{C^{0,\gamma }({𝐑}^n)}\le C\Vert u{\Vert }_{W^{1,p}({𝐑}^n)},$$ where $\gamma =1-\frac{n}{p}.$ Thus if Template:Math, then Template:Math is in fact Hölder continuous of exponent Template:Mvar, after possibly being redefined on a set of measure 0.

Properties

• A closed additive subgroup of an infinite dimensional Hilbert space Template:Math, connected by Template:Mvar–Hölder continuous arcs with Template:Math, is a linear subspace. There are closed additive subgroups of Template:Math, not linear subspaces, connected by 1/2–Hölder continuous arcs. An example is the additive subgroup Template:Math of the Hilbert space Template:Math.
• Any Template:Mvar–Hölder continuous function Template:Math on a metric space Template:Mvar admits a Lipschitz approximation by means of a sequence of functions Template:Math such that Template:Math is Template:Mvar-Lipschitz and $${\Vert f-f_k\Vert }_{\mathrm{\infty },X}=O\left(k^{-\frac{\alpha }{1-\alpha }}\right).$$ Conversely, any such sequence Template:Math of Lipschitz functions converges to an Template:Mvar–Hölder continuous uniform limit Template:Math.
• Any Template:Mvar–Hölder function Template:Math on a subset Template:Mvar of a normed space Template:Mvar admits a uniformly continuous extension to the whole space, which is Hölder continuous with the same constant Template:Math and the same exponent Template:Mvar. The largest such extension is: $$f^{*}(x):=\underset{y\in X}{\inf }\{f(y)+C|x-y{|}^{\alpha }\}.$$
• The image of any $U\subset {ℝ}^n$ under an Template:Mvar–Hölder function has Hausdorff dimension at most $\frac{{\dim }_H(U)}{\alpha }$, where ${\dim }_H(U)$ is the Hausdorff dimension of $U$.
• The space $C^{0,\alpha }(\mathrm{\Omega }),0<\alpha \le 1$ is not separable.
• The embedding $C^{0,\beta }(\mathrm{\Omega })\subset C^{0,\alpha }(\mathrm{\Omega }),0<\alpha <\beta \le 1$ is not dense.
• If $f(t)$ and $g(t)$ satisfy on smooth arc Template:Mvar the $H(\mu )$ and $H(\nu )$ conditions respectively, then the functions $f(t)+g(t)$ and $f(t)g(t)$ satisfy the $H(\alpha )$ condition on Template:Math, where $\alpha =\min \{\mu ,\nu \}$.

See also

• p-variation

References

• Template:Cite book
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• Template:Cite book Template:MathSciNet