English: Polar plot showing the time-averaged (proper) orbital elements of all 107 known irregular moons of Jupiter as of April 2026. Each irregular moon is plotted as an open circle, color-coded by orbital group and size representing its physical diameter. The moon's position represents its semi-major axis in units of million (10⁶) km, inclination with respect to the ecliptic (orbital plane of planets) in degrees, and eccentricity represented as a colored radial line.

Retrograde moons are shown on the left and prograde moons are shown on the right. From left to right, the colors represent:

• Retrogrades:
  • Red = Carme group
  • Gray = Pasiphae group
  • Dark yellow = Ananke group
• Progrades:
  • Turquoise = Carpo group
  • Purple = Themisto
  • Green = Valetudo
  • Dark blue = Himalia group

In addition, the cluster of black circles near the origin (semimajor axis zero) represent the outermost regular moons of Jupiter, which include the Galilean moons Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. The inclinations of the regular moons are shown with respect to the ecliptic, so they inherit their planet's axial tilt with respect to the ecliptic. The dark red circular arc at around 25.1 million km represents half of Jupiter's Hill radius at perihelion.

This plot was created in Python, using the pandas, matplotlib, and numpy libraries. Orbital elements were obtained from JPL's Planetary Satellite Mean Elements page, while size (and absolute magnitudes) were obtained from the MPC's Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service. Note that the MPC website gives absolute magnitude H, not diameter; H is converted into diameter via the formula here.