English: https://epochai.org/blog/how-much-does-it-cost-to-train-frontier-ai-models Figure 1. Amortized hardware cost plus energy cost for the final training run of frontier models. The selected models are among the top 10 most compute-intensive for their time. Amortized hardware costs are the product of training chip-hours and a depreciated hardware cost, with 23% overhead added for cluster-level networking. Open circles indicate costs which used an estimated production cost of Google TPU hardware. These costs are generally more uncertain than the others, which used actual price data rather than estimates.