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{{short description|Blackboard used by Albert Einstein on 16 May 1931 lectures at the University of Oxford}} [[File:Einstein blackboard.jpg|300px|thumb|Einstein's Blackboard at the [[History of Science Museum, Oxford|History of Science ...

{{Short description|1861 physics paper by James Clerk Maxwell}} "'''On Physical Lines of Force'''" is a four-part paper written by [[James Clerk Maxwell]], published in 1861.<ref> ...

...fects, primarily in [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]] and [[Albert Einstein]]'s [[general relativity]]. It is also known as the '''universal gravitatio By substituting these Planck values into the equation, the calculated theoreti ...

...'',<ref name="Schwinger 203">Schwinger (2001), p. 203.</ref> the '''Planck–Einstein relation''',<ref>Landsberg (1978), p. 199.</ref> '''Planck equation''',<ref ...{{sfrac|''h''|''p''}}}}. Combining de Broglie's postulate with the Planck–Einstein relation leads to ...

The '''Dulong–Petit law''', a thermodynamic law proposed by French physicists [[Pierre Louis Dulong]] and [[Alexis Thérèse Petit]], sta ...eight]]s had shortly before been suggested by [[John Dalton]] and modified by [[Jacob Berzelius]]. ...

...momentum condition of the Bohr model with a radial quantization (condition by [[William Wilson (English academic)|William Wilson]], the Wilson–Sommerfeld ...ysics)|action]] of [[action-angle coordinates]]. This condition, suggested by the [[correspondence principle]], is the only one possible, since the quant ...

...a slowly varying frequency due to an external action (frequency is varied by varying the pendulum length), named after [[Lord Rayleigh]] and [[Hendrik L ...that a renewed interest in the problem was set, subsequently to be studied by many other researchers like [[John Edensor Littlewood]] etc.<ref>Chandrasek ...

...a discrete momentum-exchange model of the reflection of [[X-ray]] photons by a crystal lattice. Duane showed that such a model gives the same scattering In effect, the observed scattering patterns are reproduced by a model where the possible reactions of the crystal are quantized, and the ...

...81 – January 19, 1947) was a Japanese theoretical physicist, known for his works on the electronic theory of metals, the [[theory of relativity]] and quantu ...iden University]], where he worked with [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] and [[Albert Einstein]]. After returning to his homeland, Ishiwara received a post of professor a ...

...me are [[Mathematics|mathematically]] equivalent to [[Theory of relativity|Einstein's theory]], others aim to revise or extend it. ...ulations modify these postulates or attempt to derive the second postulate by deduction. Others differ in their approach to the geometry of [[spacetime]] ...

| image1 = Albert Einstein Head.jpg | caption1 = [[Albert Einstein]] ...

...anz Ernst Neumann]] wrote down the equation to calculate the induced force by change of magnetic flux. However, these experimental results and rules were ...sed by Faraday's ''lines of forces'' concept. Faraday created this concept by impression of [[Roger Joseph Boscovich|Roger Boscovich]], a physicist that ...

In [[physics]], [[time]] is defined by its [[operational definition|measurement]]: time is what a [[clock]] reads. ...istic physics, it is a [[scalar (physics)|scalar]] quantity (often denoted by the symbol <math>t</math>) and, like [[length]], [[mass]], and [[electric c ...

...humb|A [[cycloidal pendulum]] is isochronous, a fact discovered and proved by [[Christiaan Huygens]] under certain mathematical assumptions.<ref>{{cite b [[File:Conic Sections.svg|thumb|240px|right|Mathematics was developed by the Ancient Civilizations for intellectual challenge and pleasure. Surprisi ...

...the nucleus is called the "1 shell" (also called the "K shell"), followed by the "2 shell" (or "L shell"), then the "3 shell" (or "M shell"), and so on ...circular orbit of Bohr's model which orbits called "rings" were described by a plane.<ref>Bohr, Niels (1913). On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules ...

...b|252x252px|''L'énergie électromagnétique matérielle et gravitationnelle'' by René-Louis Vallée.]] ...d to by some as a [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] theory, was developed by René-Louis Vallée and first disseminated in 1971 with the publication of hi ...

...ments]] (or parameters). The line of apsides is shown in blue, and denoted by {{mvar|ω}}. The apsidal precession is the rate of change of {{mvar|ω}} thro ...e precession of the equinoxes), was first quantified in the second century by [[Ptolemy of Alexandria]]. He also calculated the effect of precession on m ...

...ce=Moscow |publisher=Nauka|year=2001|isbn=978-5-02-022699-9|others=Transl. by G. Pontecorvo}}</ref><ref>{{Citation ...are "On the dynamics of the electron"|author =А. А. Logunov|others=Transl. by G. Pontecorvo|place=Dubna |publisher=JINR|year=2001|isbn=978-5-85165-669-9| ...

...8.1545 |doi=10.1007/s00407-009-0050-5 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Conversely, Einstein was awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] for explaining the [[photoelectric effect]] ...s also judged on its ability to make new predictions which can be verified by new observations. A physical theory differs from a [[theorem|mathematical t ...

{{Short description|Albert Einstein's hypothetical situations to argue scientific points}} ...ed. In a profound contribution to the literature on [[quantum mechanics]], Einstein considered two particles briefly interacting and then flying apart so that ...