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{{Short description|Measurement of the actual versus predicted uptime of a system}} '''Operational availability''' in [[systems engineering]] is a measurement of how long a system has been available to use when compared with how long ...

...is delay is automatically found by the software to aid in practical system measurement. * A [[Virtual Machine]] for usage under other Operating Systems such as [[Microsoft Windows]] ...

...scriptstyle \frac{1}{2}\sqrt{2} </math> and that the dynamical or crossing time, ''t'', is <math> \scriptstyle 2\sqrt{2} </math>. ...e of Supercomputers in Stellar Dynamics | chapter = Standardised units and time scales | bibcode = 1986LNP...267..233H | doi = 10.1007/BFb0116419 | series ...

== CEP in the [[time domain]] == [[File:PulseTrain-CEOPhase.svg|thumbnail|400px|'''CEP in the time domain:''' A pulse train of five consecutive pulses with linearly varying C ...

== Introduction (error in measurement) == ...tions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quantum Backaction - Open Quantum Sensing and Measurement Notes |url=https://qsm.quantumtinkerer.tudelft.nl/6_backaction/ |access-dat ...

{{Short description|System of measurement used in the United States}} Some fields of [[engineering]] in the United States use a system of measurement of physical quantities known as the '''English Engineering Units'''.<ref>{{ ...

...to the normal time in each cycle, a worker can still be able to cover lost time and complete the work assigned to him or her. The standard time is calculated by multiplying the normal time by 1 plus the PFD allowance:<ref>Niebel, B., Freivalds, A. (2008) ''Methods ...

'''Phase space measurement with forward modeling''' is one approach to address the scattering issue in ...ight-field microscopy for 3D neural activity recording"]</ref> Phase space measurement with forward modeling can be used in neuroscience to record neuronal activi ...

...based on the [[dynamic equilibrium]] should be applied since it takes more time to obtain a completely formed surface and this means that it is difficult t ...a molecules. During this process, surface tension decrease as function of time and finally approach the equilibrium surface tension (σ<sub>equilibrium</su ...

...of knowledge one possesses about the [[ontic]] state of the system at that time must equal the amount of knowledge one lacks."<ref name="spek">{{Cite journ ...sumes that there ''is'' an ontic state which the system is in at any given time, but simply that we are unable to observe it. The model can not be used to ...

...stekin|first4=Jamie|title=Carbon dioxide gas delivery to thin-film aqueous systems via hollow fiber membranes|journal=Chemical Engineering Journal|date=Octobe ...an&hestekin /> The sample is immersed for some time in 2-propanol prior to measurement to ensure saturation of pores, and is then placed into the cell in an analy ...

...n modulation systems are about 30% more efficient than analogue modulation systems overall. ...large amount of energy that Sync Pulses use is largely independent of the measurement system and efficiency of the analogue TV transmitter (as most analogue tran ...

...|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10752718/ |journal=IEEE Control Systems |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=50–71 |doi=10.1109/MCS.2024.3466488 |issn=1066-0 === Discrete-time framework === ...

...rect measurement of pollutant concentration is not feasible because direct measurement sometimes requires skilled professionals and complex, expensive laboratory ...Mathematically, the total pollutant mass emitted inside a chamber during time T can be expressed as<br> ...

{{Short description|Measurement of a quantum system which minimally disturbs it}} ...information|information]]), '''weak measurement''' is a type of [[quantum measurement]] that results in an observer obtaining very little information about the s ...

...math>{\boldsymbol\alpha}</math> using CS speech signal is observed using a measurement matrix <math>{\Phi}</math> such that where <math>{y \in R^{\it M}}</math>, and measurement matrix <math>{\Phi \in R^{\it M \times N}}</math> such that <math>{\it {M \ ...

...>[[Ruslan L. Stratonovich|Stratonovich, R.L.]] (1959). ''Optimum nonlinear systems which bring about a separation of a signal with constant parameters from no and a noisy measurement of the system state is available: ...

...><ref name="Cussler">{{cite book|title= Diffusion – Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems|edition=2|first1=E.L.|last1=Cussler| publisher=Cambridge University Press|y The equation assumes [[steady state]], i.e., the neglect of time derivatives in the velocity. ...

...estimate channel characteristics. This helps simulate and design wireless systems. ...f> In order to evaluate effectiveness of these multiple antenna systems, a measurement of the radio environment is needed. Channel sounding is such a technique th ...

{{Distinguish|Level of measurement}} ...sura - Palazzo della Ragione - Padova.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|Units of measurement, [[Palazzo della Ragione, Padua]]]] ...