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{{short description|Many-valued logic in which truth values comprise a continuous range}} ...0/http://control.ee.ethz.ch/~apnoco/Script/15.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> of fuzzy logic. ...

...antics]] for defined expressions, and formal proof systems study the logic of circular expressions. ...l]] and philosophical logic. It has been used to provide circular analyses of philosophical and logical concepts. ...

...rt description|Set of all true first-order statements about the arithmetic of natural numbers}} ...dard model]] of the [[Peano axioms]] in the [[Signature (logic)|language]] of the first-order Peano axioms. ...

...p|1=∃''x'' (φ → θ)}} is provable. Here ''x'' cannot be a [[free variable]] of φ, while θ can be a predicate depending on it. The main application of the principle is in the study of [[intuitionistic logic]], where the principle is not generally valid. Its c ...

{{Short description|Principle of classical logic}} ...nal logic]], '''import-export''' is a name given to the propositional form of [[Exportation (logic)|Exportation]]: ...

...re (mathematical logic)|structure]]s to the first-order theory of elements of the structure. ...ski |first1=Andrzej |title=On direct products of theories |journal=Journal of Symbolic Logic |date=March 1952 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–31 |doi=10.230 ...

{{Short description|Argument in philosophy of mathematics}} ...ics)|mathematical structuralism]].<ref>Stewart Shapiro (1997) ''Philosophy of Mathematics: Structure and Ontology'' New York: Oxford University Press, p. ...

...tion of Vector Theory to Syllogistic Logic. New Perspectives on the Square of Opposition, Bern, Peter Lang.</ref> In the vector space for propositional l ...false]]''. A two-valued vector logic requires a correspondence between the truth-values ''true'' (t) and ''false'' (f), and two ''q''-dimensional normalized ...

...Some key concepts in Gordon Pask's Interaction of Actors and Conversation Theories. ''Constructivist Foundations''. 4(3): 151-158 (pp. 155-156).</ref> ...anpsychism]] (see "Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity" 1980). Pask's nexus of analogy, dependence and mechanical spin produces the differences that are c ...

...[[Validity (logic)|validity]]; a formula is ''valid'' if every assignment of values to its variables makes the formula true. For example, <math>x+3=3+x< ...(mathematical logic)|formal theory]], which is a (finite or infinite) set of axioms. ...

...3 |pages=205–228 }}</ref> is a mathematical description of the preferences of a person, whose choices are not deterministic, but depend on a random state ...e person, we can "reverse-engineer" his utility function. This is the goal of [[revealed preference]] theory.{{fact|date=July 2024}} ...

...ard]] "for his fundamental work on developing the theory and applications" of KAT.<ref name=award/> *<math>1</math> is Boolean truth. ...

...9 |issn=0304-4076}}</ref> is a mathematical description of the preferences of a person, whose choices are not deterministic, but depend on a random state ...e person, we can "reverse-engineer" his utility function. This is the goal of [[revealed preference]] theory. ...

...The Truth Wears Off |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/12/13/the-truth-wears-off |access-date=2024-07-26 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US ...decline effect is allegedly showing. In the first example, the development of second generation anti-psychotic drugs, reveals that the first tests had de ...

...s New Mind]]'' (1989), where he used it to provide the basis of his theory of consciousness: [[orchestrated objective reduction]]. ...truth"). However, Gödel's statement is actually true in the standard model of natural numbers. See {{cite book |author=Mendelson, Elliot |title=Introduct ...

{{short description|Determining the probability of future events based on past events}} ...ical basis for [[learning]] and the perception of patterns. It is a source of [[knowledge]] about the world. ...

{{short description|Study of the scope and nature of logic}} ...to the philosophy of logic as the discipline investigating the properties of formal logical systems, like [[consistency]] and [[Completeness (logic)|com ...

...d with the controversial assumption that it provides indubitable access to truth. ...[[theory-ladenness]] are two obstacles that threaten to undermine the role of scientific evidence. ...

...-last=Zalta |editor-first= Edward |encyclopedia= The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title=Dynamic Semantics |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archive == Dynamics of anaphora == ...

| caption = Picture of Gisbert Hasenjaeger in his identity papers during his time at [[Oberkommand | work_institutions = [[University of Münster]]<br/>[[University of Bonn]] <br/>[[Princeton University]] ...