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...stronomical_spectroscopy#Planets.2C_asteroids.2C_and_comets|planets]], and spectrometers gather data on the [[Big_Bang#Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation|origin ...molecules]] by their [[mass]], [[momentum]], or [[energy]]. These types of spectrometers are used in [[Analytical_chemistry#Mass_spectrometry|chemical analysis]] an ...

.... Moseley, J.C. Mather and D. McCammon (1984). "Thermal detectors as x-ray spectrometers". J. Appl. Phys. (56): 1257–1262 {{doi|10.1063/1.334129}}.</ref> ...

...ilter]] for charged particles, for example in [[electron microscope]]s and spectrometers.<ref name=rose/><ref name=Galejs1978>{{cite journal|last = Galejs|first = A ...

==Planetary gamma-ray spectrometers== ...

...clear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment| year=2021| volume=988| pages=164865| d ...

...terization of petroleum has been performed since the first commercial mass spectrometers were introduced in the 1940s.<ref name="Hamming2012">{{cite book|author=Myn ...

...clear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment|series=Proceedings of the Workshop on H ...

...clear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |volume=271 |issue=3 |pages=387–403 |bi ...clear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |volume=388 |issue=1–2 |pages=64–78 |bi ...

...| first3 = H. | year = 1989 | title = High-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometers: Part I. Effects of field distortions in the vicinity of wire meshes | jour ...‘polarised grid geometry’ for orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometers, ''Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry'', '''14'''(7), 616 (2000).</r ...

...s were carried out with commercial X-ray spectrometers and high-resolution spectrometers. ...[http://www.geoscience.wisc.edu/~johnf/g777/MM/Wittry.pdf ''X-ray Crystal Spectrometers and Monochromators in Microanalysis''] 2001, last checked 26.02.2020</ref> ...

...the TIMS method. It has a simple design, is less expensive than other mass spectrometers, and produces stable ion emissions. It requires a stable power supply, and ...

...clear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment| volume=732|issue=2013|pages=61–65|last ...

...s that are able to span a large solid angle of detection are required. XRS spectrometers are usually based on spherically curved analyzer crystals that act as focus ...

...own anion of oxygen O⁻. Because, oxygen is present in most mass spectrometers as a very habitual contaminant from the atmosphere, detections of any signa ...

...ays were carried out at the heights of mountains with the help of magnetic spectrometers. Shmeleva led the work on the creation of a spark calorimeter for these exp ...

...oemission electron microscopy]] (PEEM) lenses and [[time of flight]] (TOF) spectrometers. ...

...easure concentrations of [[trace gases]]. When combined with basic optical spectrometers such as prisms or diffraction gratings and automated, ground-based observat ...

...counting devices or from [[accelerator mass spectrometry|accelerator mass spectrometers]] (AMS). There are several possible sources of error in both the beta count ...|radioactivity]], whereas [[accelerator mass spectrometry|accelerator mass spectrometers]] (AMS) determine the ratio of the three different [[Isotopes of carbon|car ...

...clear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment|language=en|volume=988|page=164919|doi= ...clear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment ...