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...f time. Software reliability testing helps discover many problems in the [[software design]] and functionality. Software reliability is the probability that software will work properly in a specified environment and for a given amount of tim ...

...requires diagnostic maintenance, which requires system down time and labor costs. ...ion Based Maintenance]] are critical, alert, and emergency, which indicate software termination due to failure. Specific failure reporting, like interface fail ...

...functional size measurement method fully compliant with IFPUG 4.x|journal=Software Measurement European Forum. 2011}}</ref> is a lightweight Functional Measur ...ake functional size measurement easier yet reliable in the early stages of software projects. The short name became SFP. The SPM (Simple Function Point Practic ...

...2015. “Variable Importance Analysis: A Comprehensive Review.” Reliability Engineering & System Safety 142: 399–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2015.05.018.</ ...thematical model]] or for a model with a large number of inputs, where the costs of estimating other sensitivity analysis measures such as the [[variance]]- ...

'''Design optimization''' is an engineering design methodology using a mathematical formulation of a design problem to ...do2021">{{Cite book|url=http://flowlab.groups.et.byu.net/mdobook.pdf|title=Engineering Design Optimization|last1=Martins|first1=Joaquim R. R. A.|last2=Ning|first2 ...

...ted to the service. For example, an [[Amazon EC2]] M4 extra-large instance costs [[US$]]0.239/hour. If a service has allocated two virtual machines when onl ...hram Dustdar|date=2013 |title=2013 8th International Symposium on Software Engineering for Adaptive and Self-Managing Systems (SEAMS) |chapter=On estimating actua ...

...izational Behavior, 20, 77-140.</ref> There are debates about benefits and costs of working in a functionally diverse groups. Milliken and Martins (1996)<re ...and cross-functional development.”<ref>Addison-Wesley. "Bringing Design to Software - Profile 8 -IDEO." January 1, 1996. Accessed November 15, 2014. http://hci ...

...such as years employed and current level of seniority. Suppose only 20% of software engineers are women, i.e., males are 4 times as frequent as females. If we ...reasons to use undersampling are mainly practical and related to resource costs. Specifically, while one needs a suitably large sample size to draw valid s ...

...ailable to producers today that provide producers with the tools to reduce costs, increase yields, and increase efficiency. The present day grain yield moni ...ensor For Accuracy For Simulated Varying Field Slopes|publisher=Applied in Engineering in Agriculture|volume= 25 |issue= 1 |pages= 15–21|year=2009}}</ref> ...

|journal=[[Optimization and Engineering]] ...y based on these principal components, fewer assets imply less transaction costs. ...

The software "[[International Hydrological Programme]]" applies the following equation d .... J., Darling A. H., 2001, Investing in water quality: measuring benefits, costs and risks, ...

...mbrane scaling, like other types of [[membrane fouling]], increases energy costs due to higher operating pressure, and reduces permeate water production.<re ...ed by antiscalant manufacturers. For example, Avista has a chemical dosing software called AdvisorCI™,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Advisor™Ci Chemical Dosing System ...

...negative impact of natural disasters in terms of loss of life and economic costs. These losses occur in four different ways: ...aim at maximizing responsiveness and minimizing distribution times, total costs, and the number of distribution centers. The entire storage process is of k ...

== Software == % Save the best solutions and costs in the elite arrays ...

Each share costs exactly the expected value of each hash attempt <math>R = B \cdot p</math>. ...ted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Understanding bitcoin : cryptography, engineering and economics|last=Pedro.|first=Franco|date=2015|publisher=John Wiley & Son ...

*Lower production costs compared to that of baskets ...ionalised in preparation for equipment scale-up. [[Computer-aided design]] software can assist in design and scale-up. Pilot-testing and rollout then follows.< ...

API 1155<ref name="LitAPI1155">API 1155 (1995): Evaluation Methodology for Software Based Leak Detection Systems. 1st Edition (February 1995). [[American Petr ...nd 150 feet in heavy rain.|thumb|Thermal camera system with video analysis software detecting an oil leak from a valve at 50 feet and 150 feet in heavy rain]] ...

{{short description|Numerical method for solving physical or engineering problems}} ...pular method for numerically solving [[differential equation]]s arising in engineering and [[mathematical models|mathematical modeling]]. Typical problem areas of ...

...re free of installation effects.<ref>Miller, W. Richard, "Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook", [[McGraw-Hill]], Third Edition, 1996, {{ISBN|0-07-042366-0}}</re ...ructure Downstream of a Tubs Bundle at High Reynolds Numbers", ASME Fluids Engineering Meeting, [[Washington D.C.]], June 1993</ref> The shape of the flow velocit ...

...a/downloads/general/1%20Agliardi%20-%20Mathews%20and%20Salmon.pdf Business Engineering: A Practical Approach to Valuing High-Risk, High-Return Projects Using Real ...lue} = \text{average} \left[\max\left(\text{operating profit}-\text{launch costs}\right),0)\right]</math> ...