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{{Short description|Probability theory paradox}} The '''wine/water paradox''' is an apparent [[paradox]] in probability theory. It is stated by [[Michael A. B. Deakin|Michael Deakin]] as follows: ...

...rst2=Ayça E. |title=The Impartial, Anonymous, and Neutral Culture Model: A Probability Model for Sampling Public Preference Structures |journal=The Journal of Mat ...tend to exaggerate the likelihood of observing paradoxes and find that the probability is small with such calculations, the paradox is assuredly very unlikely to ...

In the mathematical [[game theory|theory of games]], the '''Penrose square root law''', originally formulated by [[L ...title = The measurement of voting power theory and practice, problems and paradoxes ...

In [[probability theory]], '''Proebsting's paradox''' is an argument that appears to show that the ...orp realized the idea could be extended to give the Kelly bettor a nonzero probability of being ruined. He showed that if a gambler is offered 2 to 1 odds, then 4 ...

...ally equating the conditional probability <math>P(B\mid A)</math> with the probability of a so-called conditional event, <math>A \rightarrow B</math>. ==Conditional probability and conditional events== ...

...t, the laws of physics will ensure that events unfold in a way that avoids paradoxes. This means that while a time traveler can influence past events, those inf ...(physics)|unitarity]] and [[linearity]]. Unitarity ensures that the total probability of all possible outcomes in a quantum system always sums to 1, preserving t ...

...ay have very great utilities, and these utilities can grow faster than the probability diminishes. Hence the agent should focus more on vastly improbable cases wi ...1000. The mugger argues back that for any low but strictly greater than 0 probability of being able to pay back a large amount of money (or pure utility) there e ...

...and subjective Bayesian probabilities|objective Bayesian interpretation of probability]]. ...note this information by <math>I</math>. For a given coin flip, denote the probability of an outcome of heads as <math>P(H|I)</math> and of tails by <math>P(T|I)< ...

{{Short description|Application of quantum theory mathematics to cognitive phenomena}} ...pmid=20224806 |pmc=2834425 }}</ref> and modeling preferences in [[decision theory]] that seem paradoxical from a traditional rational point of view (e.g., pr ...

{{short description|Probability theory term}} ...discrete probabilities]], [[probability density function]]s, and [[measure theory]]. Conditioning leads to a non-random result if the condition is completely ...

...parts in the monoculture) is the multiplication of each component failure probability (exponentially decreasing). Monocultures may lead to [[Braess's paradox|Braess's]] like paradoxes in which introducing a "better option" (such as a more accurate algorithm) ...

...thematics|mathematical]] [[Mathematical problem|problem]] in [[probability theory]] and [[combinatorics]]. In this problem, 100 numbered prisoners must find ...the [[probability]] that a single prisoner finds their number is 50%. The probability that all prisoners find their numbers is the [[product (mathematics)|produc ...

...d Problems : Number Theory, Algebra, Geometry, Probability, Topology, Game Theory, Infinity, and Other Topics of Recreational Mathematics|first=Martin|last=G ...nterdisciplinarity, Creativity, and Learning: Mathematics With Literature, Paradoxes, History, Technology, and Modeling|volume=7|series=The Montana Mathematics ...

...paratus.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} This confirms that a quantum theory, to be consistent with the experiments, must be non-local (in the [[Bell's ...do emerge simultaneously at ''d''⁺ and ''d''⁻ (with probability ''p''&nbsp;=&nbsp;1/16). Quantum mechanically, the <math>\left|d^+\right\ra ...

{{Short description|Probabilistic theory of knowledge}} ...ve probabilities]]. As such, they are subject to the laws of [[probability theory]], which act as the norms of [[rationality]]. These norms can be divided in ...

...rk is therefore given by the average of the degrees of the [[vertex (graph theory)|vertices]] in the graph. That is, if vertex {{mvar|v}} has {{math|''d''('' ...e friends), and again calculating the degree of the selected endpoint. The probability of a certain vertex <math>v</math> to be chosen is ...

...ough Borges' strongest links to mathematics are through [[Georg Cantor]]'s theory of infinite sets, outlined in "The Doctrine of Cycles" (''La doctrina de lo ...overing [[logic]], [[paradox]]es, infinity, [[topology]] and [[probability theory]]. He was also aware of the contemporary debates on the foundations of math ...

...orated into psychological decision theories, such as [[Cumulative prospect theory]], [[rank-affected multiplicative]] (RAM) weights model, and [[transfer of ...ting $x for sure; (b) getting $20 with probability 60% and getting $0 with probability 40%. They are asked "for what value of ''x'', would you be indifferent betw ...

{{short description|Theory that attempts to blend economics and ergodic theory}} ...</ref> The programme's main goal is to understand how traditional economic theory, framed in terms of the ''[[expected value|expectation values]]'', changes ...

...how quantum mechanics cannot be explained using a [[local hidden variable theory]]. In this way Mermin's device is a pedagogical tool to introduce the uncon Quantum mechanics predicts a probability of measuring opposite spin projections given by ...