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{{Short description|Method to determine the temperature of central stars of planetary nebulae}} ...a method''' is a method to determine the temperature of central stars of [[planetary nebulae]]. It was developed by [[Herman Zanstra]] in 1927. ...

...ld of study due to the challenges in directly observing their [[Atmosphere|atmospheres]]. ...e-scale atmospheric dynamics. These models are used to explore how various planetary characteristics, such as [[Rotational frequency|rotation rate]] (fast vs. s ...

...ant impacts phase, characterized by significant collisions between forming planetary bodies. These impacts play a pivotal role in shaping the structure, composi ...ing that substantial collisions between protoplanets could explain various planetary characteristics. Key milestones in this research include the formulation of ...

...= Preliminary reference Earth model |journal = [[Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors]] |year = 1981 |volume = 25 |issue = 4 |pages = 297–356 |doi=1 ...

...se]] on [[terrestrial planet]]s with [[greenhouse gas]]es present in their atmospheres. ...er (the emission level) will thus radiate as a blackbody at the planet's [[Planetary equilibrium temperature|equilibrium temperature]].<ref name=":0" /><ref nam ...

...|author=Hansen., J.E. and L.D. Travis |title=Light scattering in planetary atmospheres |journal=[[Space Science Reviews]] |volume=16 |issue =4 |year=1974 |doi=10. ...

...p dust particles which in turn can facilitate planetesimal growth in proto-planetary discs.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | last1=Lyra | first1=W. | last2=Johans ...are important in planetary atmospheres and oceans and are also known as [[planetary waves]].<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |doi=10.1357/002224039806649023 | vol ...

...r atoms, typically hydrogen. This mechanism may explain why some planetary atmospheres are depleted in oxygen, nitrogen, and heavier noble gases, such as xenon.<r ...tly high velocity (higher than the [[escape velocity]]) to escape from the planetary gravity field. There are different ways to achieve this velocity. Those pro ...

...int (D. Mihalas 1978<ref name="Mihalas 1978">Mihalas, D. (1978). ''Stellar Atmospheres'', 2nd edition, Freeman, San Francisco, {{ISBN|0-7167-0359-9}}.</ref> on pa ...alshaw, C.D. (1966). The computation of infrared cooling rate in planetary atmospheres, ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society'', '''92''': 67–92 ...

The '''planetary equilibrium temperature''' is a theoretical temperature that a [[planet]] w ...8-9326|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Fundamental planetary science: physics, chemistry, and habitability|last=Lissauer|first=Jack Jona ...

...SP-121b is the first exoplanet found to contain [[water]] in an extrasolar planetary [[stratosphere]] (i.e., an [[atmosphere|atmospheric layer]] in which temper The planetary orbit is inclined to the equatorial plane of the star by 8.1°.<ref name=Bor ...

...date=2020-04-03|title=Baroclinic and barotropic instabilities in planetary atmospheres: energetics, equilibration and adjustment|url=https://npg.copernicus.org/ar ...al derivative]]. The absolute vorticity is the relative vorticity plus the planetary vorticity: <math> ...

...cts/habitable-exoplanets-catalog| title=The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog - Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo| access-date=27 June 2016| archive-da ...low-up at observatories. The radial velocity observations confirmed that a planetary body was responsible for the dips observed in Kepler-1229's light curve, th ...

...e system in 1996.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Benest|first=D.|date=1996|title= Planetary orbits in the elliptic restricted problem. III. The η Coronae Borealis syst ...ectral Energy Distributions and Comparison to BT-Settl and ATMO 2020 Model Atmospheres |bibcode=2023AAS...24120311S |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=e ...

...nd the atmosphere can be used to deduce Earth's history of formation and [[Planetary differentiation|differentiation]] of the solid Earth into layers. ...|date=1991 |title=On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/ ...

...of a nanometer level (for example, 10-50&nbsp;nm). For example, using a [[planetary mill]] using grinding bodies of size less than 0.1&nbsp;μm. ...

...lifeform. To avoid interference with local life, the targets may be young planetary systems where local life is unlikely. Directed panspermia can be motivated ...estroyed, send microscopic "seeds of a new humanity" towards potentially [[Planetary habitability|habitable]] areas of the universe.<ref>{{cite book| last=Stapl ...

...via angular momentum conservation). This is accomplished via a decrease in planetary vorticity (since relative vorticity variations are not significant in large ...tude meridional temperature gradients", ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'', 125, e2020JD033158.</ref> These warming hotspots cause severe environmen ...

...dynamics are [[Rotating reference frame|rotation of the fluid]] due to the planetary rotation and [[Stratification (water)|stratification]] (layering). ...

...h such systems may also consist of bodies such as circumplanetary disks, [[Planetary ring|ring systems]], [[moonlet]]s, [[minor-planet moon]]s and [[artificial ...ant planets of the Solar System possess large satellite systems as well as planetary rings, and it is inferred that this is a general pattern. Several objects ...