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...losophy]], as well as [[Electoral system|electoral systems]] and [[welfare economics]]. ...orem states that any [[social choice function]] is given by a weighted sum of individual [[utility function]]s, so long as the social choice function sat ...

{{short description|Subfield of econophysics which applies quantum theory to finance}} ...anch of [[econophysics]]. Quantum computing is now being used for a number of financial applications, including fraud detection, stock price prediction, ...

...he Lvóv-Warsaw School], by [[Jan Woleński]] in the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acad ...foreign to the character of logical inquiry that a thorough re-examination of the two inferences (existential generalization and universal instantiation) ...

...epeated head-to-head matchups, voters will (on average) prefer the results of a maximal lottery to the results produced by any other [[voting rule]]. ...ttp://dss.in.tum.de/files/brandt-research/welfare.pdf Arrovian Aggregation of Convex Preferences]. Econometrica. 88(2), pages 799-844, 2020.</ref> ...

{{Not to be confused with|Marxism}}{{Short description|School of economic thought}} {{Marxian economics}} ...

...s]], in which case there exists no well-defined optimal choice. An example of this is [[Efron dice]]. .../plato.stanford.edu/entries/preferences/ |journal=Stanford Encyclopedia of Economics}}</ref> ...

...first to counter-intuitive choices, and then to incoherence as the utility of every choice becomes unbounded. ...many objections to the Pascal's Wager dilemma that are based on the nature of infinity.{{Sfn|Bostrom|2009}} ...

...business success is growth. Among 37 variables, growth is mentioned as one of the most important variables for success: market share, market growth, mark ..., target [[dividend payout ratio]], target [[profit margin]], target ratio of [[total assets]] to [[net sales]]). This concept provides a comprehensive f ...

{{Short description|Theorized increase of longevity with age}} ...ies a resistance to change, obsolescence, or competition, and greater odds of continued existence into the future.<ref name=Taleb2012>{{cite book |author ...

...on epistemic events. We only present in this entry some of the basic ideas of the original DEL framework; more details about DEL in general can be found ...([[artificial intelligence]]), [[philosophy]] ([[formal epistemology]]), [[economics]] ([[game theory]]) and [[cognitive science]]. In computer science, DEL is ...

...ero. Negative marginal utility implies that every consumed additional unit of a commodity causes more harm than good, leading to a decrease in overall ut ...Utility |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/law-of-diminishing-marginal-utility/ |website=Corporate Finance institute |languag ...

[[File:Macro history economists.jpg|thumb|alt=Composite images of various people related to macroeconomic theory.| ...thought that [[market clearing|markets always clear]], leaving no surplus of goods and no willing labor left idle.{{sfn|Snowdon|Vane|2005|p=69}} ...

...elfish pleasure derived from "doing good", regardless of the actual impact of one's generosity. Within the warm-glow framework, people may be "impurely a ...rst2=Matthew D.|last3=Zaki|first3=Jamil|date=2015|title=The Emerging Study of Positive Empathy|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12m108p4|journal=Soci ...

...447).jpg|thumb|320px|[[Peter Singer]] is one of the prominent philosophers of [[effective altruism]].]] ...many lives you save or how much good you otherwise do with a given amount of resources''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schubert |first=Stefan |url=https://fdsl ...

...at positively influencing the long-term [[future]] is a key moral priority of our time. It is an important concept in [[effective altruism]] and a primar ...er suggest, to those advocating longtermism, that it is the responsibility of those living now to ensure that future generations get to survive and flour ...

...arch 2016 | author=Lachlan Dufton and Kate Larson | book-title=Proceedings of the IJCAI-2011 Workshop on Social Choice and Artificial Intelligence | year * (b) Determine the amount each partner should pay, such that the sum of payments equals the fixed cost. ...

{{Short description|Branch of applied mathematics}} {{Economics sidebar}} ...

{{Short description|Period of cultural flourishing from 786 to 1258}} | image4 = 1950 "Avicenna" stamp of Iran.jpg ...

{{History of the Netherlands}} The following list is composed of objects, concepts, phenomena and processes that were discovered or invented ...

...5) Why Most Published Research Findings Are False.pdf|thumb|alt=first page of research paper|Ioannidis (2005): "[[Why Most Published Research Findings Ar ...ries building on them and potentially call into question substantial parts of scientific knowledge. ...