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...monitors''', '''deposition rate controllers''', and so on, are a family of instruments used in high and [[ultra-high vacuum|ultra-high]] [[vacuum]] systems. They ...iate if the film being deposited is part of a [[Thin-film optics|thin film optical device]]. ...

...al telescopes) will be limited by the turbulent atmosphere, preventing the instruments from approaching the [[diffraction limit]]. ...

...n Rohr ed. Geometrical Investigation of the Formation of Images in Optical Instruments M.M.STATIONARY, LONDON 1920, page 21</ref> ...A'B'C'P'] have the same optical path; then the set of all P, P' with equal optical path forms a curved surface p. ...

...cus (geometry)|focus]] of the optical system in a [[radio-telescope]]. The optical system may be a [[Reflecting telescope|reflector]] or a [[Lens (optics)|len ...the telescope by a factor of {{mvar|n}}, making them very powerful survey instruments. Because radio wavelengths are large, the resulting feed arrays are amongst ...

...ep14513|pmid=26415516|pmc=4586488|title=Full-color structured illumination optical sectioning microscopy|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=5|pages=14513|year= ...icroscopy]] techniques are specifically designed to improve the quality of optical sectioning. ...

...ogen dioxide]]. Typical setups allow for detection limits corresponding to optical depths of 0.0001 along lightpaths of up to typically 15&nbsp;km and thus al DOAS instruments are often divided into two main groups: passive and active ones. The active ...

.... [[Photolithography|Photolitography machines]] and high precision optical instruments are some examples of application of this concept. ...

...eringtalk.com/news/diu/diu100.html ''Surface analysis data to be sold with instruments'' in ''Engineering talk''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/200 ...microscope-systems.aspx ''Bruker Nano Surfaces offers Vision64 Map with 3D optical microscope systems'' in ''News medical'']</ref> ...

...nterferometry system. Modern data acquisition technology and off-the-shelf optical telecommunications devices now enable the assembly of PDV systems within re ...precision in photonic Doppler velocimetry | journal = Review of Scientific Instruments | volume = 81 | issue = 5 | pages = 053905–053905–7 | doi = 10.1063/1.34292 ...

...ey because the meter only measures one dimension of the field. Single axis instruments have to be tilted and turned on all three axes to obtain a full measurement On the other hand, an effective solution is to transfer on an optical carrier, the electric (or magnetic) field component sensed with an active p ...

...iments up to 250 bars and 3 ms jump time. | journal = Review of Scientific Instruments | volume = 81 | pages = 105102 | pmid = 21034114 |bibcode = 2010RScI...81j5 ...

...[scientific instrument]] that is commonly used in [[atomic, molecular, and optical physics|atomic physics]] to slow and [[Cooling|cool]] a [[molecular beam|be ...eman slower using toroidal permanent magnets |journal=Review of Scientific Instruments |volume=85 |issue=10 |pages=103104 |doi=10.1063/1.4897151 |pmid=25362368 |b ...

...ntary non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma|journal=Review of Scientific Instruments|date=2012|volume=83|issue=10|pages=103506–8|doi=10.1063/1.4761924|pmid=2312 ...]s [[scattering|scattered]] by [[Gold|gold atoms]], here an [[Ray (optics)|optical ray]] is deflected by hot spots with unknown temperature. ...

...a phase change if it is reflected by a boundary with air. For this reason, optical boundaries are normally specified as an ordered pair (air-glass, glass-air) ...e arXiv |eprint=1603.02720 |last=Byrnes |first=Steven J. |title=Multilayer optical calculations |date=2016|class=physics.comp-ph }} Appendix A</ref> Also, thi ...

...ing a modulation both in ''amplitude'' and in ''frequency'' of the emitted optical beam. In this way, the laser becomes sensitive to the distance traveled by ...two beams coming from optical path difference. Therefore, the reference [[optical path]] is no longer necessary for measurement and relies only on the intera ...

...ea centralis|fovea]] and usually measured by A-scan [[ultrasonography]] or optical coherence [[biometry]]. The AL is the most important factor in IOL calculat ...s an average velocity of 1555&nbsp;m/s is accepted for calculation. Modern instruments use separate sound velocities for the different eye components to obtain th ...

...(or wavelength) of the radiance that is being measured. For instance, the optical depth for seawater at the 1.413&nbsp;GHz microwave frequency, used for the ...ed temperature brightness is crucial to make an accurate measurement. Some instruments use [[radar scatterometer]]s to measure the surface roughness to account fo ...

...ism.<ref name=":10">{{Citation |last1=de Angelis |first1=M. |title=Optical Instruments |date=2005-01-01 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Condensed Matter Physics |pa ...er the solvent's viscosity and polarizability, which cannot be measured by instruments that rely on low viscosity.<ref name=":2" /> Since differential refractomet ...

A '''laser surface velocimeter''' ('''LSV''') is a non-contact optical [[speed sensor]] measuring velocity and length on moving surfaces. Laser su ...ence Doppler technique. Here, 2 laser beams which are each incident to the optical axis at an angle φ, are superimposed on the surface of the object. For a po ...

...d = [[Physics]], [[Acousto-optics]],<br> [[Electro-optics]], [[Optical telecommunication]], Laser Technology ...esearch engineer at the Scientific Research Institute of Space Engineering Instruments. ...