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...code=1996JGR...10112315Q }}</ref> Once it encounters shallower waters near land, it “splits” into two branches: one moves northward and becomes the [[Kuros ...he MC transports climatic signals and in doing so, influences the regional climate and the [[El Niño-Southern Oscillation]] (ENSO).<ref name="Schönau et al., ...

...et. It provides an approximation for the temperature of the [[tropopause]] on [[terrestrial planet]]s with [[greenhouse gas]]es present in their atmosphe ...Air Temperature with Satellite and Surface Observations|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=10|issue=7|pages=1505–1524|issn=0894-8755|jstor=26243273|doi=10.1175 ...

| known_for = [[Soil chemistry]]<br />[[Climate change]]<br />[[Biofuel]] ...]] researcher from Bangladesh, her research also aimed to lower dependence on [[Petroleum|petroleum based foreign oil]] by producing low [[carbon]] and [ ...

...overshoots the [[sustainable]] amount of biological resources regenerated on Earth. When viewed through an [[economy|economic]] perspective, the annual ...des all demands that compete for the regenerative capacity of the planet's surface, such as [[renewable resource]]s, [[Carbon sequestration|CO₂ seq ...

...cales, the carbonate-silicate cycle is a key factor in controlling Earth's climate because it regulates [[carbon dioxide]] levels and therefore global tempera ...her due to orbital changes or stellar evolution, to determine the [[global surface temperature]]. Additionally, the carbonate-silicate cycle has been consider ...

...Greenland ice sheet]], the [[Antarctic ice sheet]] or the large ice sheets on the northern hemisphere during the [[last glacial period]]. They are used f ...e/id/eprint/6776/1/Huy1998b.pdf|title=Report of the Third EISMINT Workshop on Model Intercomparison|year=1997}}</ref> The EISMINT produced several worksh ...

...e sinking of lighter warm or fresher water, respectively. Layers are based on water density: denser water remains below less dense water in stable strati ...hich sorts adjacent arbitrary volumes of water by local density, operating on them by [[buoyancy]] and [[weight]]. A volume of water of lower density tha ...

...], [[temperature]] and [[Ocean surface topography|elevation]]), as well as on the large scale circulation patterns (such as the [[thermohaline circulatio ...g Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. ...

...since sea ice occupies a significant proportion (4-6%) of [[Earth|Earth's surface]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sea Ice|last=Thomas|first=David|publisher=Wiley-Bl ...ration|NOAA]] [[Climate Data Record]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=NOAA/NSIDC Climate Data Record of Passive Microwave Sea Ice Concentration, Version 3 {{!}} Nat ...

The method relies on the [[Carbon cycle|carbon exchange]] reservoir, which includes the atmosphe * [[Reservoir effect|Reservoir effects]], where certain environments (e.g., deep ocean water, freshwater sources) ...

...the [[hydrosphere]], and the [[lithosphere]]; including natural hazards, [[climate change]], and marine ecosystems. EMSO nodes have been deployed at key sites ...map2018.esfri.eu/media/1066/esfri-roadmap-2018.pdf European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures] (ESFRI). The ESRFI Roadmap identifies RIs of pan- ...

...which is used to calculate the distance between the sensor and the imaged surface. Remote sensing satellites often carry other instruments which keep track o ...ocean surface is also the deterministic factor in the differences between land and ocean remote sensing. ...

{{short description|Feedback related to climate change}} {{redirect|Climate feedback|the fact-checking website|Climate Feedback}} ...

...transformations from among dissolved, solid, and gaseous phases, depending on the element. The elements that constitute important [[nutrient cycle]]s inc ...99-11-01|title=Columbia River Streamflow Forecasting Based on ENSO and PDO Climate Signals|journal=Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management|volume=1 ...

...variation]] have been a main driver of [[climate change (general concept)|climate change]] over the millions to billions of years of the [[geologic time scal ...ed accuracy, sensitivity and scope (of both solar activity and terrestrial climate) have become available from spacecraft and show unequivocally that recent g ...

...ffect|trap some of the heat]] that results when sunlight heats the Earth's surface. Three important greenhouse gases are shown symbolically in this image: [[c ...g lived drivers like carbon dioxide emissions is not represented. Whiskers on each bar show the possible [[Observational error|error range]]. ]] ...

...w.landfood.ubc.ca/soil200/classification/soil_horizon.htm |work=Faculty of Land and Food Systems |publisher=The University of British Columbia |access-date ...utrient content and is affected in part by [[seasonality]], plant species, climate, soil fertility, elevation, and [[latitude]].<ref name="raul" /> The most e ...

...tal [[weathering]], biogenic export and burial as [[Siliceous ooze|oozes]] on geologic timescales.<ref name=Marc1990 /> ...4-009-2446-8_26|chapter = Global Biogeochemical Cycles and Climate|title = Climate and Geo-Sciences|year = 1989|last1 = Wollast|first1 = R.|last2 = MacKenzie| ...

...nd (3) the biological pump. The total active pool of carbon at the Earth's surface for durations of less than 10,000 years is roughly 40,000 gigatons C (Gt C, ...eb|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/|title=Fifth Assessment Report – Climate Change 2013|website=www.ipcc.ch|access-date=2017-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite w ...

...tope ¹³C of carbon. The positions on the energy wells are based on the [[quantum harmonic oscillator]]. Note the lower energy state of the hea ...itions of terrestrial C3 plants as indicators of (paleo)ecology and (paleo)climate|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=107|issue=46 ...