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...ardness test''' is a [[hardness]] test based upon [[projected area]] of an impression. The hardness, <math>H</math>, is defined as the maximum load, <math>P_\tex ...re required to test the material is the measurement of the hardness of the material. Units of [[Pascal (pressure)|megapascals]] (MPa) are frequently used for r ...

...ecause it describes the [[optical amplification]] in the [[semiconductor]] material. This optical gain is due to [[stimulated emission]] associated with light ...he quasi-Fermi-distribution functions. This expression gives a qualitative impression of the dependence of the gain spectra on the distribution functions. Howeve ...

...in for 24 hours. This feature uses [[HTTP cookie|cookies]] to remember the impression count. Non-cookies [[privacy|privacy-preserving]] implementation is also av ...practice]] into a single session; and he noted that continuing to practice material after the learning criterion has been reached enhances retention. ...

...d on the fracture surface that show the incremental growth of a [[fatigue (material)|fatigue]] crack. A striation marks the position of the crack tip at the ti ...fracture surface are striations. The size of a striation for a particular material is typically related to the magnitude of the loading characterised by [[str ...

...has taken place, and around [[white dwarf]]s, they indicate that planetary material survived the whole of stellar evolution. Such a disc can manifest itself in ...se of a pocket of matter within a [[giant molecular cloud]]. The infalling material possesses some amount of [[angular momentum]], which results in the formati ...

...ing is recommended to eliminate moisture from flux. Preheating of the base material is also one of the techniques used to release hydrogen from the working obj : Hardness is correlated with the brittleness of the material. To reduce excessive hardness, preheating and PWHT can be applied to the ob ...

...esigned to lift a round object, the gripper surface shape can be a concave impression of it to make the grip efficient. For a square shape, the surface can be a ...force is the frictional force. The gripping surface can be made of a soft material with high coefficient of friction so that the surface of the object is not ...

...Press}}</ref> says that these were the first catapults, and describes the impression new weapons made during the [[siege of Motya]] by Dionysius. ...[[torsion (mechanics)|torsion]] of a spring made of an appropriate organic material, usually [[sinew]] or hair, human or horse. Stone-throwing torsion-powered ...

...iameter, containing 3 to 9 times the [[Solar mass|Sun's mass]] of expelled material that was created by the strong [[stellar wind]].<ref name=Ohnaka2008/> ...n of the dying star WOH G64 (eso2417c).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Artist's impression of the dusty torus and elliptical cocoon of dust surrounding WOH G64 ([[Eur ...

{{short description|Structure formed by diffuse material in orbital motion around a massive central body}} ...vitational and frictional forces compress and raise the temperature of the material, causing the emission of [[electromagnetic radiation]]. The frequency range ...

[[File:Artist’s impression of supermassive black hole seed.jpg|thumb|Artist's impression for the formation of a massive black hole seed via the direct black hole ch ...black hole]] seeds that form from the direct collapse of a large amount of material.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Loeb|first1=Abraham|last2=Rasio|first2=Frederic A ...

...which then [[accretion (astronomy)|accretes]] some of the companion's lost material onto itself.<ref name="Roberts2013"/>{{rp|page=127}}<ref name="Romani2022"/ [[File:Gamrayeclipseg22.jpg|thumb|left|Artist's impression of a black widow pulsar system, where a stellar-mass companion is being abl ...

...us organization of music extends to the micro-acoustic sphere of the sound material itself".{{sfn|Stockhausen|1964|p=22}} ...ponents appeared separately audible and are easily identifiable. Thus, the impression develops of chords formed from pure tones instead of a new sound quality. O ...

...coarse category in the standard for fractional stone used as supplemental material (aggregate). For the CP stone class, size isn't denoted in kg, but in mm. B ...few particularly large stones within the sample, which distort the overall impression. ...

...isbn=978-0-408-18550-9 |editor-last=Hirsch |editor-first=P. B. |edition=4. impression |location=London}}</ref> 3. Sturkey's scattering matrix method.<ref>{{Cite ...cal formulation of wave mechanics without addressing the scattering in the material. Further we need to address the transverse spread, which is done in terms o ...

...warm the sample until the liquid in the pores is all melted, but the bulk material is still frozen. Then, on re-cooling the equilibrium freezing event can be * ''H''_f = bulk enthalpy of fusion (per gram of material) ...

...ared excess]] and active [[Accretion (astrophysics)|accretion]] of gaseous material. It is part of the 45{{su|b=−7|p=+11}} Myr old Carina young [[moving group] ...Murphy2018" /> Two peter pan disks (J0808 and J0632) show variation due to material from the disk blocking the light of the star.<ref name="Disk Detective blog ...

...ts of his prisms, but from the swirl of the lines one could get an instant impression of the form of the terrain. Hutton thus used [[contour line]]s, which later ...more dense material lying deeper. Hutton correctly surmised that the core material was likely metallic, and might have a density of {{nowrap|10,000 kg·m<sup>− ...

...by Faraday's ''lines of forces'' concept. Faraday created this concept by impression of [[Roger Joseph Boscovich|Roger Boscovich]], a physicist that impacted Ma ...ic field to material data: the current and charge densities as well as the material medium. ...

...versal constant]] ({{nowrap|''c'' {{=}} 299,792,458 m/s}}), the speed in a material may be significantly less, as it is perceived to be slowed by the medium. F .... |last2=Stein |first2=B. |title=Topsy turvy: The first true "left handed" material |publisher=[[American Institute of Physics]] |date=24 March 2004 |access-da ...