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...methods are used in the analysis of these datasets and allow [[Imputation (genetics)|genotype imputation]]<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Nature Reviews Genetics ...

...with Applications to the Human|journal=Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics|date=1 September 2000|volume=1|issue=1|pages=539–559|doi=10.1146/annurev.ge ...gating sites in genetical models without recombination|journal=Theoretical Population Biology|date=1 April 1975|volume=7|issue=2|pages=256–276|doi=10.1016/0040-5 ...

...nger]], is one of the most widely studied markers in classical genetics of human populations. Although this [[Polymorphism (biology)|polymorphism]] was obse ...dle segments, there is wide fluctuation with apparent familial and [[race (human classification)|racial]] tendencies. Hair is present on the middle segment ...

...ze|journal=Genetics|date=2014|volume=196|issue=1|pages=295–311|doi=10.1534/genetics.113.158584|pmid=24214345|pmc=3872192|arxiv=1310.3444}}</ref> ...ves summaries of the allele frequency spectrum, including estimates of the population scaled mutation rate, <math> \theta = 2N\mu </math>, such as [[Watterson es ...

...ntrol for Association Studies |url= |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |language=English |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=350–356 |doi=10.1086/500054 |i ...5.2037L }}</ref> This kind of spurious association increases as the sample population grows so the problem should be of special concern in large scale associatio ...

...]] [[relative risk]] (RR), the HRR provides a solution to the problem of [[population stratification]] by only sampling within family trios. The HRR method was f ...ance of [[Genetic recombination|recombination]] between a disease [[Locus (genetics)|locus]] and its markers.<ref>Ott J (1989) statistical properties of the ha ...

...Allele age can be estimated based on (1) the frequency of the allele in a population and (2) the genetic variation that occurs within different copies of the al ...n analyzing ancient, as opposed to recent, mutations. Second, a population genetics approach estimates allele age by using mutation, recombination, and demogra ...

{{distinguish|text = [[identity by descent]], another concept in population genetics referred to as "IBD"}} ...s of both charts is geographic distance as measured along likely routes of human migration. The upper graph illustrates that as populations are further from ...

...]; that is, they are [[diploid]]. Diploid organisms have the same [[locus (genetics)|loci]] on each of their two sets of [[homologous chromosome]]s except that ...or more alleles. The frequency of different alleles varies throughout the population. Some genes may have alleles with equal distributions. Often, the different ...

...and cause of human disease | journal = Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics | volume = 8 | pages = 17–35 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17386002 | doi = 10.114 ...007"/><ref name="Innan_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Innan H | title = Population genetic models of duplicated genes | journal = Genetica | volume = 137 | is ...

...the ability to reproduce), this equation allows for an estimation of how a population is growing. ...population dynamics as follows. This model tracks only the females in the population. ...

{{Short description|Stratification of a genetic population based on allele frequencies}} ...ion|subpopulation]]s. In a [[panmixia|randomly mating]] (or ''panmictic'') population, allele frequencies are expected to be roughly similar between groups. Howe ...

...takis|first4=Nicholas A.|title=A Dynamic Network Approach for the Study of Human Phenotypes|journal=PLOS Computational Biology|date=2009|volume=5|issue=4|do ...nks breast cancer susceptibility and centrosome dysfunction|journal=Nature Genetics|date=2007|volume=39|issue=11|pages=1338–49|display-authors=etal|doi=10.1038 ...

...' ('''GREML''') is a statistical method for [[heritability]] estimation in genetics, which quantifies the total additive contribution of a set of genetic varia ...ar genetically and also have similar trait measurements, then the measured genetics are likely to causally influence that trait, and the correlation can to som ...

...ated [[single-nucleotide polymorphism]]s (variation of a DNA sequence in a population) underpin GWA studies in complex diseases that have ranged from [[Diabetes ...etiologic and functional implications of genome-wide association loci for human diseases and traits| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Scien ...

...R., Paul, J. S., Albrechtsen, A., and Song, Y. S. |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |volume=12 |number=6 |pages=443–451 |year=2011 |doi=10.1038/nrg2986 |pmid=2 ...e techniques have been successfully adapted to identify rare SNPs within a population,<ref name = "Bansal 2010">{{cite journal |title=A statistical method for th ...

...mplification in the above step, the resulting PCR products will be a mixed population of fragments that have lost or retained CpG-containing restriction enzyme s ...genome during development in mammals|journal= [[European Journal of Human Genetics]]|volume= 17|pages= 611–618|doi= 10.1038/ejhg.2008.233|pmid= 19092779|pmc= ...

{{Short description|Archaeological record of human activity determined by rate of mutation in mitochondrial genome}} ...then be used to confidently date events that occurred during the course of human evolution. ...

...ys.34.011802.132412 }}</ref><ref name=Barrientos2009>{{Citation |title=The Genetics and Ecology of Reinforcement: Implications for the Evolution of Prezygotic ...d incipient species (the initial stage of speciation) is increasing due to human activities such as the introduction of [[invasive species]] or the modifica ...

...e = 164 | issue = 4 | pages = 1645–56 | date = August 2003 | doi = 10.1093/genetics/164.4.1645 | pmid = 12930768 | pmc = 1462670 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | ...er of biological problems, such as estimation of species divergence times, population sizes of ancestral species, species delimitation, and inference of cross-sp ...