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...al [[degrees of freedom]]. Ghosts ensure '''mathematical consistency''' in gauge theories. ...particles, that are introduced to maintain mathematical consistencies in a gauge theory, and they often serve as a tool for regularization. ...

...all to contain the standard model U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) gauge group, which can only fit within the [[orthogonal group]] O(10). ...

| name = W′ and Z′ bosons | group = [[Gauge boson]] ...

....304C }}</ref> is a [[tensor]] [[quantum field]] of mixed symmetry, whose gauge-invariant dynamics are [[Hodge dual|dual]] to those of the general relativi The [[Lanczos tensor]] has a gauge-transformation dynamics similar to that of Curtright. But Lanczos tensor ex ...

...ometry)|translation]], to the subleading term of the series, obtaining the gauge invariance under [[rotation]] (implying global [[angular momentum]] conserv ...-and-gauge-theory |title=Lectures on the Infrared Structure of Gravity and Gauge Theory |date=2018-03-06 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978 ...

...ion to the maximum extent possible. The tree amplitudes in which all gauge bosons have the same helicity or all but one have the same helicity vanish. ...| last3=Witten | first3=Edward | title=MHV Vertices And Tree Amplitudes In Gauge Theory | journal=Journal of High Energy Physics | volume=2004 | issue=9 | d ...

...radiation|light]], have been long recognized as spin-1 [[Gauge boson|gauge bosons]]. The polarization of the light is commonly accepted as its “intrinsic” sp ...the total [[Quantum electrodynamics|QED]] angular momentum and the Lorenz gauge condition have to be enforced. Finally, the direct observable part of spin ...

...ctures">{{cite book |doi=10.1142/9789812702821_0001|chapter=Supersymmetric Gauge Theories and the Ads/CFT Correspondence |title=Strings, Branes and Extra Di ...the simplest (in the sense that it has no free parameters except for the [[gauge group]]) and one of the few [[Ultraviolet divergence|ultraviolet finite]] [ ...

...tary particle]]|statistics=[[Bose–Einstein statistics|Bosonic]]| group = [[Gauge boson]]| generation =|interaction=[[Electromagnetism|Electromagnetic]]| par Then, for a given gauge field <math>A_{\alpha}</math>, the dual configuration <math>\star A_{\alpha ...

...math>\varphi</math> after [[Peter Higgs]] because of an analogy with Higgs bosons. The term 'Higgs bundle', and the condition <math>\varphi \wedge \varphi=0< ...variety are actually equivalent. Therefore, one can deduce results about [[gauge theory]] with flat connections by working with the simpler Higgs bundles. ...

...f>{{cite journal |title=Is the t quark responsible for the mass of W and Z bosons? |author1=Miransky, Vladimir A. |author2=Tanabashi, Masaharu |author3=Yamaw ...l quantum numbers but heavier mass. For example, the [[photon]], [[W and Z bosons]] have heavy replicas with mass determined by the compositeness scale, expe ...

...fferent approaches to explain how mass could arise in local [[gauge theory|gauge theories]]. These three papers were written by: [[Robert Brout]] and [[Fran |title=Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Gauge Theories: A Historical Survey ...

...ysics of gauge theories. For the mathematical field of gauge theory, see [[Gauge theory (mathematics)]].}}{{Quantum field theory}} In [[physics]], a '''gauge theory''' is a type of [[Field theory (physics)|field theory]] in which the ...

...ms). There are five known elementary bosons: the four force carrying gauge bosons γ (photon), g ([[gluon]]), Z ([[Z boson]]) and W ([[W boson]]), as well as ...s are particles with half-integer spin (''s'' = 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, ... ). Like bosons, they can be elementary or composite particles. There are two types of elem ...

| group = [[Gauge boson]] |title=Duality in Gravity and Higher Spin Gauge Fields ...

...G. Ross|journal=Phys. Lett. B|title =Fermion masses and mixing angles from gauge symmetries|volume=332|year=1994|issue=1–2|pages=100–110|doi=10.1016/0370-26 ...thor2=E. Dudas|author3=S. Pokorski|title = Chiral Froggatt-Nielsen models, gauge anomalies and flavourful axions|journal=JHEP|volume=01|year=2020|issue=1|pa ...

...shtha]], Harald J.W. Mueller-Kirsten, ``A Gauge invariant theory of chiral bosons: Wess–Zumino term, Hamiltonian and BRST formulations``, Zeit. Phys. C 60 (1 ...

...three functions: the [[Kähler potential]], the [[superpotential]], and the gauge kinetic matrix. Many common models of supersymmetry are special cases of th ...nd a [[vector field|vector]] supermultiplet consisting of a [[gauge theory|gauge field]] along with its Majorana [[spinor]] superpartner. ...

...dl-access=free }}</ref> Bumblebee models are different from local ''U''(1) gauge theories. Nevertheless, in some bumblebee models, massless modes that behav ...="chk">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2009.06.011 |title=Deriving gauge symmetry and spontaneous Lorentz violation |year=2009 |last1=Chkareuli |fir ...

...ng]] mediated by [[Static forces and virtual-particle exchange|exchange of bosons]] other than phonons.{{sfn|Carbotte|1990}} ...[Yoichiro Nambu]], who showed that the BCS theory can be formulated in a [[gauge-invariant]] way.{{sfn|Nambu|1960}}{{sfn|Marsiglio|2020}} ...