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Iranian philosophers and inventors may have created the first batteries (sometimes known as the {{See also|Women in Iran}} ...

* 1649–1660 – The semi-formal [[Oxford Philosophical Club]] of natural philosophers meets; it is a predecessor of the [[Royal Society]] of London. * 1794 – Under threat of the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], a meeting at the Star Inn leads to formation of the C ...

...ow to depict three-dimensional scenes on a two-dimensional canvas. Second, philosophers and artists alike were convinced that mathematics was the true essence of t ...spective. [[Oblique projection]]s, including cavalier perspective (used by French military artists to depict fortifications in the 18th century), were used c ...

...ack to 1900 B.C. when Egyptians recorded behavioral abnormalities in adult women on medical papyrus.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Approaching Hysteria: D ...ers|papyrus ebers]], refers to the use of soft papyrus tampons by Egyptian women in the fifteenth century B.C.<ref>[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read ...

...The first printed engineering book is Italian [...]. [Comparable with] the French Jacques Besson and the Germans Georg Agricola and Zeising, are Agostino Ram ...designed by [[Mario Calderara]] and financed by [[Ambroise Goupy]] at the French firm [[Blériot Aéronautique]].<ref>Mario Calderara, Commander Calderara Gla ...

...ure to capture their impressions first hand, a working method known by the French term ''[[En plein air|en plen air]]'' ("in the open air", equivalent to "ou ...35) pointed out the indissolubility of light and color, and affirmed that "philosophers say that no object is visible if it is not illuminated and has no color. Th ...