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| fields = {{Hlist | [[Inorganic chemistry]] ...

...ace along the chosen coordinate is referred to as the '''potential of mean force''' (PMF). If the system of interest is in a solvent, then the PMF also inco ...m with N particles is by construction the potential that gives the average force over all the configurations of all the n+1...N particles acting on a partic ...

...am]] which describes the [[Pauli exclusion principle]] and [[van der Waals force|van der Waals energy]] <math>\Phi_{12}(r)</math> for the interaction of two ...Jensen's text,<ref name=jensen>F. Jensen, ''Introduction to Computational Chemistry'', 2nd ed., Wiley, 2007,</ref> the repulsion is due to the interpenetration ...

...rect proxy for the magnetization of a sample, rather than by measuring the force exerted on the sample directly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sherwood-scie ...lectrical current in a coil interacting with the magnets to counteract the force of interaction between the permanent magnets and the sample, thereby restor ...

...its path. The following considerations are generalized for time-dependent fields. ...because the fields <math>\vec E,\vec B</math>, and the resulting [[Lorentz force]] <math>\vec F_L</math>, are proportional to <math>\exp(i \omega t)</math> ...

Some fields of [[engineering]] in the United States use a system of measurement of phys |journal=Industrial and Engineering Chemistry ...

In forced diffusion, external fields apply a force on particles, pushing them through a medium. The key principles are: The diffusion process is driven by an external force rather than a concentration gradient, unlike ordinary diffusion. ...

...lay="inline">m=6</math> is physically justified by the [[London dispersion force]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Lafitte|first1=Thomas|last2=Apostolak The Mie potential is used today in many [[Force field (chemistry)|force fields]] in [[molecular modeling]]. Typically, the attractive exponent is chosen t ...

...date = 2019| title = Converse flexoelectricity yields large piezoresponse force microscopy signals in non-piezoelectric materials.| journal = Nature Commun The electric polarization <math>P_i</math> due to mechanical [[Strain (chemistry)|strain]] of <math>\epsilon_{ij}</math> in a dielectric is given by: ...

==Chemistry== | || [[chemistry]] (Proportion of "active" molecules or atoms) ...

...ef>Magnetic Nanomaterials, Editors: S H Bossmann, H Wang, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2017, https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-78801-037-5</r ...on and dynamical gel assembly of paramagnetic filaments in fast precessing fields|journal= Physical Review E|date=12 May 2017|volume=95|issue=5|pages=052606| ...

'''Concentration polarization''' is a term used in the scientific fields of [[electrochemistry]] and [[Membrane technology|membrane science]]. ...es in a membrane and the surrounding solutions. In Fig. '''a''', a driving force is applied to a system initially at equilibrium: the flux of a selectively ...

...A. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gY-Sxijk_tMC Modern Physical Organic Chemistry]; University Science Books; Sausalito, CA, 2005 {{ISBN|1-891389-31-9}}</ref ...al corrections | author = S. Grimme | journal = [[Journal of Computational Chemistry]] | volume = 25 | issue = 12 | pages = 1463–73 | year = 2004 | doi = 10.100 ...

...the surface of the objects, making the Optical Stretcher – unlike [[atomic force microscopy]] or [[micropipette aspiration]] – a tool for contact-free [[rhe ...ocus limits the laser powers that one can use in the optical tweezers to a force range too low for rheology experiments, i.e. optical tweezers are suitable ...

[[File:Modernphysicsfields.svg|thumb|Domains of major fields of physics]] ...rgy particle physics and nuclear physics; cosmology; and interdisciplinary fields. ...

...the other hand, a quantum treatment of electromagnetism is important in [[chemistry]]. [[Chemical reaction]]s and [[chemical bond]]ing are the result of [[qua .... Analogously, [[Coulomb's law]] is the fundamental law that describes the force that charged objects exert on one another. It is given by the formula ...

...nd Structural Defects in Crystalline Solids", in ''Treatise on Solid State Chemistry Volume 1'', Springer.</ref><ref name="Hirth-Lothe">{{cite book|author1=Hirt ...of stress fields around each partial dislocation affecting the other. The force of repulsion depends on factors such as shear modulus, burger’s vector, Poi ...

[[File:Lorentz force particle.svg|200px|thumb|Lorentz force on a [[charged particle]] (of [[electric charge|charge]] ''q'') in motion ( '''Electric fields''' ...

...sentation of van der Waals (vdW) interactions in molecular mechanics force fields: potential form, combination rules, and vdW parameters|journal=Journal of t ...les for rare gas van der waals parameters|journal=Journal of Computational Chemistry|date=September 1993|volume=14|issue=9|pages=1077–1084|doi=10.1002/jcc.54014 ...

In [[computational chemistry]], a '''solvent model''' is a computational method that accounts for the be ...ook | last1 = Jensen | first1 = F. | title = Introduction to computational chemistry | publisher = John Wiley and Sons | year = 2007}}</ref> ...