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...for the U.S. (some attribute this phenomenon to [[exorbitant privilege]]). Economists at the Federal Reserve estimated that during 1994-2007, the U.S. valuation ...

...everage ratio in the US was increasing in the years before the [[2007–2008 financial crisis]], peaking at 1.29x in 2007 and decreasing ever since. As of the fou Many economists argue the rapid growth in consumer [[Leverage (finance)|leverage]] has been ...

...risis|financial disaster]]s: the [[Great Depression]] and the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]]; wars: [[World War I]], [[World War II]], and regional conflicts; ...economists have added to and strengthened the idea with evidence, but many economists are still skeptical of the theory. ...

...ochastic differential equation]]s to modeling and [[risk management]] in [[financial markets]]. ...here may be ''too many'' of her students in important positions handling [[financial derivatives]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Mollenkamp |first=Carrick |url=https://w ...

...e of its liabilities or promised expenditures. There is no consensus among economists on a precise operational definition for fiscal sustainability, rather diffe There is no consensus among economists about the correct criterion/definition to be used for fiscal sustainability ...

...concerned with mathematical modeling in the [[Finance#Quantitative_finance|financial field]]. ...inance overlaps heavily with the fields of [[computational finance]] and [[financial engineering]]. The latter focuses on applications and modeling, often with ...

...usually much tighter than the natural borrowing limit due to the immature financial systems of the economy ...o the asymmetric information between lenders and borrowers or more broadly financial market imperfections. ...

...1=Fiebeger|first1=Brett|title=A constructive critique of the Levy Sectoral Financial Balance approach|journal=Real World Economics Review|date=2013|pages=59–80} ...is flowing out), while a deficit balance represents a net borrowing or net financial asset reducing position (i.e., more money is flowing out of the sector than ...

...h of [[econophysics]]. Quantum computing is now being used for a number of financial applications, including fraud detection, stock price prediction, portfolio ...ropriate.<ref>{{cite arXiv |title=Classical and quantum randomness and the financial market|year= 2007 |author1=Khrennikov, Andrei|eprint=0704.2865 |class= q-fi ...

...[[total assets]] to [[net sales]]). This concept provides a comprehensive financial framework and formula for case/ company specific SGR calculations.<ref name ...bility perspective—independent of a given strategy, business model and/ or financial frame condition. This concept is based on statistical long-term assessments ...

...14/11/14/7027823/nairu-natural-rate-unemployment The NAIRU, explained: why economists don't want unemployment to drop too low], ''Vox'', Matthew Yglesias, Nov 14 ...Nov. 2014"/> but have fallen to below 4% since the recovery from the 2008 financial crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A unified approach to measuring u∗ |url=https ...

...rgeting was formally proposed by [[Neo-Keynesian economics|neo-Keynesian]] economists [[James Meade]] in 1977 and [[James Tobin]] in 1980,{{refn|group=list|name= ...e wake of the [[2008 financial crisis|2008 financial crash]] by a group of economists (most notably [[Scott Sumner]]) whose views came to be known as [[market mo ...

...als largely outside the analysis, the modern approach, developed mainly by economists, has been based on the analysis of the constraints facing the actions of th ...uence of technology on rights and safeguards, and the views of the Radical Economists,<ref name="Braverman">Braverman H (1974) Labor and monopoly capital: The de ...

...cing]] theory developed in 2000s by a collaboration of Russian and Israeli economists [[Vladimir B. Michaletz]] and [[Andrey I. Artemenkov]].<ref>{{Cite journal ...cted (mean) return") relevant for pricing liquid securities traded on deep financial markets, the TAPA discount rate model is built in the "income growth-capita ...

...lapse of the New York stock market in 1929]] is such an example, and the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|global liquidity crisis of August 2007]]<ref>{{cite web ...of a calamity reaches a breaking point of disintegration. Sociologists and economists may come up with a better estimate. ...

'''Application to financial markets''' ...n treat their trades as independent, ignoring the non-ergodic structure of financial markets (player A). Markets are not ergodic because sequences of events can ...

...r" at the corporate level. While traditional accounting addresses only the financial dimension of an enterprise's operations, C.A.R.E. aims to bring at the same ...A.R.E. proposes to bring the corresponding cost of their protection in its financial statement . ...

...apore]] and [[China]] have partially rejected the underlying Neoclassical “financial orthodoxy” that used to characterize the ‘Washington Consensus’ and initiat ...ate'' […] ''gladly expressed their interest to join this new international financial institution focusing solely on ‘real assets’ and infrastructure-driven econ ...

...n]] and [[Piero Sraffa]] at the [[University of Cambridge]] in England and economists such as [[Paul Samuelson]] and [[Robert Solow]] at the [[Massachusetts Inst ..., particularly how broad its implications are, has not been agreed upon by economists. ...

...sms which employees use to participate in their firm's decision making and financial results. ...name=":0" /> Spill-on effects into the wider economy can anchor human and financial capital in domestic industries, which have the potential to increase [[aggr ...