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...mportant for low-density-of-states systems, such as a [[2DEG|2-dimensional electronic system]] in a semiconductor surface or interface or [[graphene]], and can b When a voltmeter is used to measure an electronic device, it does not quite measure the pure [[electric potential]] (also called [[G ...

...ding these processes is a major objective as being a basic requirement for device optimization. This task can be solved by development of appropriate theoret ...in [[semiconductor laser theory]]. It should be mentioned that present-day modeling assumes a perfect semiconductor structure in order to reduce the numerical ...

In order to extract accurate temperatures, additional modeling taking into account thermal expansion and cantilever bending is necessary. ==Modeling== ...

...st3=C.|last4=Banerjee|first4=K.|last5=Ionescu|first5=A.M.|title=Analytical Modeling of Single Electron Transistor for Hybrid CMOS-SET Analog IC Design|journal= ...t1=Al'Tshuler|first1=Boris L.|last2=Lee|first2=Patrick A.|title=Disordered electronic systems|journal=Physics Today|volume=41|issue=12|year=1988|pages=36–44|doi= ...

* A science-based approach to reliability that uses modeling and simulation to design-in reliability. It helps to understand system perf ...lved from an attempt to better predict the reliability of early generation electronic parts and systems. ...

...al management]] in industrial processes to optimizing the performance of [[electronic devices]]. ...ential to optimize the [[building insulation]], evaluate the efficiency of electronic devices, and enhance the performance of [[heat sinks]] in various applicati ...

An [[electronic circuit]] consisting entirely of passive components is called a '''passive If a device is ''not'' passive, then it is an '''active device'''. ...

...tifiable as a peeled apple. Removing the exterior surface of an electronic device may render its purpose unrecognizable. By contrast, removing the outermost ...nchmark the latest developments in the modelling of surface systems, their electronic and physical structures and the energetics and friction associated with sur ...

...tration can then be related to [[blood]] concentrations via [[mathematical modeling]] as for example in [[blood alcohol]] testing.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Farh ...G. H.|last7=Kross|first7=Kenneth W.|date=June 2014|title=Application of an electronic nose in the diagnosis of head and neck cancer: Use of an E-Nose in Head and ...

...mits can be overcome to some extent and facilitate further scaling down of device dimensions by modifying the channel material in the traditional bulk MOSFET ...e CNTFET should switch reliably using much less power than a silicon-based device.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Collins | first1 = P.G. | last2 = Avouris | f ...

...e images. It is also similar to the [[noise factor]] used to describe some electronic devices. The concept has been extended to chemical sensors,<ref>S. Manghan ...7063 |first=John M. |last=Boone |access-date=7 August 2023 |title=Spectral modeling and compilation of quantum fluence in radiography and mammography |publishe ...

...emiconductor devices, the mechanism to control charge carrier transport in electronic devices was established in the area of nanofluidics. In nanofluidics, the a ...s=552–556 | pmid=17311462 | bibcode=2007NanoL...7..552V}}</ref> A diode in electronic circuits limits the flow of electric current to one direction. A nanofluidi ...

'''''a) Electronic scale simulations''''' (density function theory, ab-initio molecular dynami [[Multiscale modeling]] techniques have also been developed to deal with overlapping time scales. ...

...utilized to simulate the trajectories of particles as they move across the device under the influence of an [[electric field]] using [[classical mechanics]]. ...ial method.<ref name="Hess">{{cite book|editor=Karl Hess|title=Monte Carlo Device Simulation: Full Band and Beyond|year=1991|isbn=978-1-4615-4026-7|doi=10.10 ...

...ensor|fluid level]], and [[accelerometer|acceleration]]. [[Human interface device]]s based on capacitive sensing, such as [[touchpad]]s,<ref>{{ cite book | t ...> can be employed to optimize designs by enhancing sensitivity, accurately modeling electromagnetic fields, and improving performance across varying environmen ...

...d of a segment along with its length. Ground-based methods use optical and electronic surveying equipment to remotely measure the end diameters and the length of Electronic surveying instruments such as a total station allows the observer to measur ...

...uigley|first6=David|date=2017-03-27|title=Encapsulated nanowires: Boosting electronic transport in carbon nanotubes|journal=Physical Review B|volume=95|issue=12| ...-[[phonon]] interaction in single-walled CNTs, it has been discovered that electronic current undergoes saturation at the voltage bias beyond 0.2 V.<ref name=":0 ...

{{Infobox electronic component ...-occupancy lines for holes and electrons cannot remain flat throughout the device as they are when in equilibrium, but become ''[[quasi-Fermi level]]s'' that ...

...s an indicator of the strength of a network bus about the rated power of a device and is frequently used as a measure of system strength. A higher SCR value [[Power electronic applications]] often encounter issues related to SCR, particularly in renew ...

...ide cell (rSOC)''' is a solid-state [[Electrochemical cell|electrochemical device]] that is operated alternatively as a [[Solid Oxide Fuel Cell|solid oxide f ...produce electricity and heat. When used as an electrolysis cell, the same device can consume electricity and heat to convert back the products of the oxidat ...