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...dependent variable on its past history; this is usually used to model the “state dependence” in economics. For instance, for a person who cannot find a job ...the potential employers. The essence of this type of dynamic effect is the state dependence of the outcome. The "unobservable effects" here refers to the fa ...

...to illustrate why institutions are resistant to change and why introducing new institutions into a system often leads to unintended, sometimes suboptimal, ...ave found applications across a wide range of institutional spheres, going from firm governance and industrial relations to varieties of capitalism and pol ...

...t2=Vane |title=Modern Macroeconomics: Its Origins, Development and Current State |location=Cheltenham |publisher=E. Elgar |year=2005 |isbn=1-84376-394-X |pa ...thew Yglesias, Nov. 2014"/> but have fallen to below 4% since the recovery from the 2008 financial crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A unified approach to meas ...

...rgeting was formally proposed by [[Neo-Keynesian economics|neo-Keynesian]] economists [[James Meade]] in 1977 and [[James Tobin]] in 1980,{{refn|group=list|name= ...e wake of the [[2008 financial crisis|2008 financial crash]] by a group of economists (most notably [[Scott Sumner]]) whose views came to be known as [[market mo ...

...The scale can be tailored for use at any geographic level – city, county, state or continent. It can be used to monitor the development of an ongoing emerg ...ied to a specific locality, this parameter may be represented by a [[gross state product]], [[gross regional product]], or any similar measure of economic a ...

The economics depends upon the following definitions and results from [[convex geometry]]. ...|volume=62 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, New York |year=1981 |pages=xi+145 |isbn=978-0-521-28614-5 |mr=657578}}</ref> ...

This generalization has come to resemble what some economists regard as the [[law of demand]] – namely, the lower the price of a service ....org/details/risefallofcommun00brow|url-access= registration|location= New York|publisher= Ecco|page= [https://archive.org/details/risefallofcommun00brow/p ...

...are now several related versions of the model in use. Wonderland allows [[economists]], [[policy analysts]] and [[environmentalist]] to study the interactions ...rld3]]. For this reason it is often used as an initial testing ground for new techniques in the area of policy analysis ([[#lpb03|Lempert, et al., 2003]] ...

...tive]] differences. An example of this can be found in the works of Soviet economists like [[Lev Gatovsky]], who sought to apply Marxist economic theory to the o ...Gérard Duménil, 2008, "Marx's analysis of capitalist production," ''[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryof ...

{{Short description|Benefit derived from consuming a product}} ...escribes the change in ''[[utility]]'' (pleasure or satisfaction resulting from the consumption) of one unit of a good or service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ma ...

...{Cite news|author=T. Rephann|author2=A. Isserman|name-list-style=amp|title=New Highways as Economic Development Tools|url=http://www.rri.wvu.edu/pdffiles/ ...th for old-style economies (ports, highways, railroads) as well as for the new age ([[high speed rail]], airports, telecommunications, internet...). ...

...n]] and [[Piero Sraffa]] at the [[University of Cambridge]] in England and economists such as [[Paul Samuelson]] and [[Robert Solow]] at the [[Massachusetts Inst ..., particularly how broad its implications are, has not been agreed upon by economists. ...

...d planning]] employed by [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] [[socialist state]]s modeled on the [[economy of the Soviet Union]]. ...ć|title=Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti|location=New York City|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=22|quote=In the USSR in the late 198 ...

...na-Champaign]] (UIUC), he was from 1984 to 1989 an assistant professor and from 1989 to 1992 an associate professor and is since 1992 a full professor.<ref ...and Economists Win Sloan Research Awards|date=March 10, 1985|newspaper=New York Times|page=45B, Section 1}}</ref> In 1995 he was elected a fellow of the AP ...

...cs. The young Italian student became in time one of the foremost Cambridge economists of his generation.<ref>Leijonhufvud, 2007, p. 1.</ref> |[[Axel Leijonhufvu ...an era, in the recent history of economic thought. This group of Cambridge economists had been the protagonist of one of those extraordinary and unique events in ...

[[File:Macro history economists.jpg|thumb|alt=Composite images of various people related to macroeconomic t ...a recession. He argued that this invalidated the assumptions of classical economists who thought that [[market clearing|markets always clear]], leaving no surpl ...

...e=The New Moral Mathematics |url=https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/the-new-moral-mathematics/ |work=Boston Review}}</ref> These three ideas taken toge ...ime".<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=4}} He distinguishes it from ''strong longtermism'', "the view that positively influencing the longterm ...

...)#Insects|pest insects]] is a subject of interest to farmers, agricultural economists, ecologists, and those concerned with animal welfare. .../ecology/popn_dyn.html|website=General Entomology course at North Carolina State University|accessdate=17 June 2014|date=8 Apr 2009}}</ref> ...

...cs&topicid=&result_number=1 |date=2013-05-16 }} Republished with revisions from 1986, "Theoretic Models: Mathematical Form and Economic Content", ''Econome ...sily be expressed informally. Further, the language of mathematics allows economists to make specific, [[positivism|positive]] claims about controversial or con ...

...ef name="Fortune PR ratio">{{cite news |last=Tully |first=Shawn |title=The New Home Economics |date=2003-12-22 |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |url=h ...bubble]]''' and its 2007–10 collapse in the [[United States]] to "everyone from home buyers to [[Wall Street]], [[mortgage broker]]s to [[Alan Greenspan]]" ...