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...rated materials are then reduced into food products utilized for human and animal consumption. ...rently, dry milling is mainly focused on corn-based products for human and animal consumption, or utilized during fuel [[ethanol]] production. The main objec ...

</ref><ref name='nick'>{{ cite journal | title=The Balance of Animal Populations. Part I. | year=1935 | pages=551–598 | journal=Proceedings of t ...Antipodean Scientists: A. J. Nicholson and V. A. Bailey on the Balance of Animal Populations |journal=Historical Records of Australian Science |volume=7 |is ...

...ref>Solomon, M. E. "The Natural Control of Animal Populations." Journal of Animal Ecology. 19.1 (1949). 1-35</ref> It is associated with the [[functional res ....</ref> The two are the extremes of the spectrum of predator interference models. According to the authors of the alternative view, the data show that true ...

...[relative species abundance]] distributions. These '''niche apportionment models''' describe how species break up [[resource]] pool in multi-dimensional spa ...rated roughly 7 mechanistic niche apportionment models. These mechanistic models provide a useful starting point for describing the [[species composition]] ...

...m]] when there is no blood motion. The value of MSP in animal experimental models is approximately 7&nbsp;mm Hg. It is an indicator of how full the circulato ...

...ty, using groups of at least 10-15 animals was suggested, depending on the animal species of interest. In addition, the mean pre-treatment fecal egg counts s ...October 2016}}</ref> based on those sophisticated but reliable statistical models are available to aid veterinary researchers. ...

...n behavior.<ref>Domjan, M. (1987). Comparative Psychology and the Study of Animal Learning. ''Journal of Comparative Psychology'', ''101''(3), 237–241. {{doi ...or to be a result of reactive inhibition. According to Hull's concept, the animal turns right in a T-maze after it has already turned left, as turning left t ...

...-x|isbn=978-0-12-819090-6 |s2cid=218914751 }}</ref> However, the nature of animal studies also limits the applicability of experimental results in the human ...ose is a dose of drug barely adequate to produce a biological effect in an animal. In dose-response assessment, the term ‘threshold dose’ is refined into sev ...

...ematical model based on biological principles and then test how well these models fit real data sets.<ref name=Tokeshi99>Tokeshi, M. 1999. ''Species coexiste ...''Figure 4'''. Generic Rank-abundance diagram of three common mathematical models used to fit species abundance distributions: Motomura's geometric series, F ...

...journals]], ranking of AI models,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chatbot Arena: New models & Elo system update {{!}} LMSYS Org |url=https://lmsys.org/blog/2023-12-07- ...Behavior: A Theoretical Analysis |publisher=Wiley |year=1959}}</ref> which models ranking <math>N</math> items. In the same notation as BT model:<math displa ...

...butes to an understanding of adaptations. The approach based on optimality models in biology is sometimes called '''optimality theory'''.<ref name="Parker"/> ...benefits of that decision. Three primary variables are used in optimality models of behavior: decisions, currency, and constraints.<ref>{{Cite journal |last ...

...val of time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nee |first1=Sean |title=Birth-Death models in Macroevolution |journal=Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. |date=2006 |volume= ...of branch lengths and phylogenetic diversity under homogeneous speciation models. |journal=J. Theor. Biol. |date=2012 |volume=297 |pages=33–40|pmid=22142624 ...

...ivity|single neuron models]] and within clusters of neurons. Many of these models utilize [[Phase response curve|phase response (resetting) curves]] where th ...re also shown to fire more slowly towards the onset of firing. Examples of Models that exhibit Type I PRCs in weakly coupled neural oscillators include the ...

...g coefficients are inserted into the activation-constraint model, complete models of conditioning are derived: ...r, but the final response receives the greatest weight in memory. Specific models are provided for the three basic principles to articulate predicted respons ...

Estimation in biology/animal breeding using standard [[Analysis of variance|ANOVA]]/[[Restricted maximum ...mate heritability from the direct genetics. In humans, unlike the original animal/plant applications, relatedness is usually known with high confidence in th ...

...l.edu/~numb3rs/spulido/Numb3rs_season5/Numb3rs_519.html|title=Numb3rs 519: Animal Rites|series=Numb3rs Math Activities|publisher=Cornell University Departmen [[Category:Stochastic models]] ...

A small bodied animal has a greater capacity to be more abundant than a large bodied one. Purely ...abundance-range size relationships: an appraisal of mechanisms. Journal of Animal Ecology 66:579–601.</ref>), however they require less energy per unit of bo ...

...thod for measuring the sensitivity of a [[Research participant|person]] or animal to some particular sensory input, [[Stimulus (psychology)|stimulus]], throu | title = The Physics of Optimal Decision Making: A Formal Analysis of Models of Performance in Two-Alternative Forced-Choice Tasks ...

A [[fishery]] is an area with an associated [[fish]] or [[Aquatic animal|aquatic]] population which is harvested for its [[Commercial fishing|commer ...ef>{{cite book |last=Caswell |first=H. |year=2001 |title=Matrix population models: Construction, analysis and interpretation |edition=2nd |publisher=Sinauer ...

...he study of the motion of biological fluids (e.g. blood flow in arteries, animal flight, fish swimming, etc.). It can be either circulatory system or respir ...ansient forces become relatively more important than viscous forces as the animal size increases.<ref name="Waite, Fine" /> ...