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[[Category:20th-century Italian astronomers]] [[Category:20th-century Italian mathematicians]] ...

[[Category:20th-century French astronomers]] [[Category:21st-century French astronomers]] ...

* 5th century BC - The [[Zeno's paradoxes]], * 5th century BC - [[Antiphon (orator)|Antiphon]] attempts to [[Squaring the circle|squar ...

...ry of women in science pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century. |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-92040-X |pages=309 |oclc=10688 ...=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=McNeill |first2=Leila |title=The 17th-Century Lady Astronomer Who Took Measure of the Stars |url=https://www.smithsonianm ...

Since antiquity, astronomers have progressively refined the definition of the tropical year. The entry f In the 2nd century BC [[Hipparchus]] measured the time required for the Sun to travel from an ...

...of icy objects orbiting beyond [[Neptune]] in the outer [[Solar System]]. Astronomers discovered the binary nature of {{mp|2014 WC|510}} when its two components ...ation of approximately 11 seconds. The stellar occultation was observed by astronomers and citizen scientists across the [[West Coast of the United States|West Co ...

...th [[Greek numerals]] around 600 BC and became largely extinct by the 16th century.{{sfnp|Chrisomalis|2010|p=185}} After the development of [[Positional notat ...gyptian signs. The first examples of the Greek system date back to the 6th century BC, written with the letters of the [[History of the Greek alphabet#Standar ...

...henomena, of which a part remained difficult to account for until the 20th century when the last unidentified part of Mercury's precession was precisely expla ...the Sun (quadrupole moment) causes a negligible contribution of 0.025″ per century.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kane | first1 = S. R. | last2 = Horner | firs ...

In the nineteenth century large-scale photographic spectroscopic surveys of stars were performed at [ ...tral type by a [[color index]] (in diagrams made in the middle of the 20th Century, most often the [[B-V color]]) of the stars. This type of diagram is what ...

In the 19th and 20th centuries, [[Russia]] produced many notable [[List of Russian scientists|sc At the start of the 18th century the [[Reforms of Peter I of Russia|reforms of Peter the Great]] (founder of ...

Astronomers and great thinkers of the past were able to record observations and attempt ...one depicts Earth in the day.<ref name=DatEA>Source: ''Dante and the Early Astronomers'' by M. A. Orr, 1913.</ref>]] ...

...r designed by a commission assembled by Pope Gregory XIII in the sixteenth century."}}{{efn|Many countries that use other calendars for religious purposes use ...ays; when Russia and Greece did so (for their civil calendars) in the 20th century, the jump was 13 days. For other countries and territories, see [[List of a ...

*'''[[Andrey Bolotov]]''', major 18th-century [[agriculturist]], discovered [[dichogamy]], pioneered [[cross-pollination] *'''[[Sergei Chetverikov]]''', pioneer of [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern evolutionary synthesis]] ...

...actions. The system became the standard of France and Europe within half a century. Other measures with unity ratios<ref group="Note">ratios of 1 between mag ...ts for length, mass and time. Advances in [[electromagnetism]] in the 19th century necessitated additional units to be defined, and multiple incompatible syst ...

...peared throughout history, including the work of [[Desargues]] in the 17th century, all the way back to the implicit use of [[spherical geometry]] to understa ...the theory of [[manifold]]s and [[Riemannian geometry]]. Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the [[parallel postulate]] ([[non-Eucl ...

Eventually,<ref>The Mesopotamian (modern-day Iraq) astronomers recorded astronomical observations with the naked eye, more than 3500 years [[Galileo]], [[Isaac Newton|Newton]], and most people up until the 20th century thought that time was the same for everyone everywhere. This is the basis f ...

...British Agriculture|great agricultural depression]] during the early 20th century.<ref name="SA" /> His paternal great-grandmother saved the family from fina ...undraising activities.{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|pp=164, 178}} At the turn of the century, he and eleven other humanitarians signed the ''Charter for the Third Mille ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...phor of a [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] began to be applied in 19th-century literature about [[Islamic history]], in the context of the western aesthet ...

...midst of the [[History of molecular biology|molecular revolution]], a half-century after the origins of theoretical population genetics: they were soon widely In the early 20th-century, authors such as [[Theodor Eimer|Eimer]] or [[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]] he ...

...Neptune|remaining moons]] were located telescopically until the 20th&nbsp;century. ...don'' is ''Poseidonian'' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɒ|s|aɪ|ˈ|d|oʊ|n|i|ən}}).<ref>''The Century Dictionary'' (1914)</ref> ...