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...ry of women in science pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century. |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-92040-X |pages=309 |oclc=10688 ...=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=McNeill |first2=Leila |title=The 17th-Century Lady Astronomer Who Took Measure of the Stars |url=https://www.smithsonianm ...

In the 19th and 20th centuries, [[Russia]] produced many notable [[List of Russian scientists|sc At the start of the 18th century the [[Reforms of Peter I of Russia|reforms of Peter the Great]] (founder of ...

...r designed by a commission assembled by Pope Gregory XIII in the sixteenth century."}}{{efn|Many countries that use other calendars for religious purposes use ...ays; when Russia and Greece did so (for their civil calendars) in the 20th century, the jump was 13 days. For other countries and territories, see [[List of a ...

...actions. The system became the standard of France and Europe within half a century. Other measures with unity ratios<ref group="Note">ratios of 1 between mag ...ts for length, mass and time. Advances in [[electromagnetism]] in the 19th century necessitated additional units to be defined, and multiple incompatible syst ...

...peared throughout history, including the work of [[Desargues]] in the 17th century, all the way back to the implicit use of [[spherical geometry]] to understa ...the theory of [[manifold]]s and [[Riemannian geometry]]. Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the [[parallel postulate]] ([[non-Eucl ...

...] as [[elliptical galaxy|elliptical]],<ref>Hoover, A. (June 16, 2003). "UF Astronomers: Universe Slightly Simpler Than Expected". Hubble News Desk. Archived from ...] 5 and above.<ref>{{cite book | title=Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century | editor=Galison, P. |editor2=Roland, A. | publisher=Springer | year=2000 | ...