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* Cost: Price for a launch at this time, in millions of US$ ...e intention of reaching orbit). Suborbital tests launches are not included in this listing. ...

...ar flare]], [[solar particle event]], and [[geomagnetic storm]] components in early August 1972, during [[solar cycle 20]]. The storm caused widespread e ...2 |journal = Sol. Phys. |volume = 84 |issue = 1–2 |pages = 139–151 |date = 1983 |doi = 10.1007/BF00157453 |bibcode = 1983SoPh...84..139Y |s2cid = 121439688 ...

In [[geophysics]] and [[physical geodesy]], a geopotential model is the theore ...accurate model for Earth's gravitational field. However, the situation is in fact the opposite: by observing the orbits of spacecraft and the Moon, Eart ...

...a '''gauge theory''' is a type of [[Field theory (physics)|field theory]] in which the [[Lagrangian (field theory)|Lagrangian]], and hence the dynamics ...[[vector field]]) called the '''gauge field'''. Gauge fields are included in the Lagrangian to ensure its invariance under the local group transformatio ...

...cations. Currently, over 18 fully operational amateur radio satellites are in orbit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amsat.org/status/|title=AMSAT OSCAR Sa ...n actively involved in the launch and operation of most amateur satellites in the last two decades beyond allocating an OSCAR number. ...

...y]] for electricity or heat. Another use is for scientific observation, as in a [[Mössbauer spectrometer]]. The most common type is a [[radioisotope ther ...United States tested the [[SNAP-10A]] nuclear reactor in space for 43 days in 1965,<ref name=zaitsev/> with the next test of a nuclear reactor power syst ...

...e:Barnard2005.gif|thumb|[[Barnard's Star]], showing position every 5 years in the period 1985–2005. Barnard's Star is the star with the highest [[proper In [[astronomy]], '''stellar kinematics''' is the [[Observational astronomy|ob ...

...]|[[Iraq War|Iraq Campaign]]<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Space Power in the Gulf|first=Robert S.|last=Dudney|date=June 1, 2003|url=https://www.aira ...errorism|Global War on Terrorism]]|[[File:Streamer_AFGCS.PNG|200px]]|[[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan Campaign]]|[[File:Iraq Campaign streame ...

...lace snow packs, and the aggregate properties of regions with snow cover. In doing so, they employ on-the-ground physical measurement techniques to esta ...ceding [[Wilson Bentley]]'s series of photographs of individual snowflakes in the ''Monthly Weather Review''. ...

...], while modifying [[Newton's laws of motion|Newton's second law]] results in modified inertia. The latter has received little attention compared to the ...modifies Newton's laws for extremely small accelerations which are common in galaxies and galaxy clusters. This provides a good fit to galaxy rotation c ...

...com/article/us-britain-hawking-ashes/stephen-hawking-to-join-newton-darwin-in-final-resting-place-idUSKBN1GW2GV |archive-date=21 March 2018 |url-status=l ...dal]] (2006)|[[Presidential Medal of Freedom]] (2009)|[[Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics]] (2012)|[[BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award ...

...e for the persistent "background" emissions that slowly vary as structures in the atmosphere evolve. The latter two processes are ''coherent'' mechanisms ...s=487|via=}}</ref> The existence of such extraordinarily high temperatures in the corona had previously been indicated by optical [[Astronomical spectros ...

{{Short description|List of definitions of terms and concepts commonly used in aerospace engineering}} ...or (in [[broadcast engineering]]) [[height above average terrain]] (HAAT). In other words, these expressions (AGL, AMSL, HAAT) indicate where the "zero l ...

...caliph but also patronized the foundation of a new observatory at Maragha in Azerbayjan at the instigation of the Persian Shi‘i polymath Nasir al-Din Tu ...mong Persian Islamic philosophers to write few quatrains on the side often in the spirit of some of the poems of Khayyam singing about the impermanence o ...

{{Short description|Ringed dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt}} ...rihelion occurs when deldot changes from negative to positive. Uncertainty in time of perihelion is [[3-sigma]].)</ref><br/>±17 days ...

...2962 }} The [[Planck (spacecraft)#2015 data release|Planck Collaboration]] in 2015 published the estimate of 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years ago (68% confid ...law#Laws of physics|laws of physics]] may not have applied; the emergence in stages of the four known [[fundamental interaction]]s or [[force]]s—first [ ...

...[https://books.google.com/books?id=whc4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PT5 digitized version] in [[Google Books]].</ref>]] ...radiation]], radioactive substances such as [[radon]] and [[radium]] found in the environment, and the potential health hazards of non-ionizing radiation ...

...R upper limits and NICER X-ray analysis of SGR J1935+2154 for the outburst in 2022|eprint=2410.00635|class=astrophysics}} </ref> ...n 20 solar masses, although a more massive star may produce a neutron star in certain cases. ...

...electron microscope]] (SEM) photo of a dust particle collected by [[NASA]] in the [[stratosphere]] together with its [[energy-dispersive X-ray spectrosco ...n in order to obtain information on the [[astronomical object]]s occurring in [[outer space]]. Dust astronomy overlaps with the fields of [[Planetary sci ...