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{{Short description|Italian mathematician and astronomer}} | nationality = [[Italy|Italian]] ...

...eld emerged in the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic world]] during the 3rd century BC from applications of [[geometry]] to [[Astronomy|astronomical studies]]. [[Sumer]]ian astronomers studied angle measure, using a division of circles into 360 degrees.<ref>{{ ...

...peared throughout history, including the work of [[Desargues]] in the 17th century, all the way back to the implicit use of [[spherical geometry]] to understa ...the theory of [[manifold]]s and [[Riemannian geometry]]. Later in the 19th century, it appeared that geometries without the [[parallel postulate]] ([[non-Eucl ...

...[[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.<ref name=Saliba>{{cite book|last=Saliba |first=George |author-link=George ...phor of a [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] began to be applied in 19th-century literature about [[Islamic history]], in the context of the western aesthet ...