Gross national income

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Map of countries by income groups, based on their gross national income (GNI) per capita, 2023, according to World Bank[1]

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The gross national income (GNI), previously known as gross national product (GNP), is the total amount of factor incomes earned by the residents of a country. It is equal to gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor incomes received from non-resident by residents, minus factor income paid by residents to non-resident.[2]Template:Rp

In contrast to GDP, GNI is not a concept of value added, but a concept of income. GNI is the basis of calculation of the largest part of contributions to the Budget of the European Union.[3] In February 2017, Ireland's GDP became so distorted from the base erosion and profit shifting ("BEPS") tax planning tools of U.S. multinationals, that the Central Bank of Ireland replaced Irish GDP with a new metric, Irish Modified GNI (or "GNI*"). In 2017, Irish GDP was 162% of Irish Modified GNI.[4]

GNI contrast with net national income : NNI = GNI - Depreciation[5]

The Atlas method can be applied to correct for fluctuating exchange rates.[6]

History and name change

The modern concept of GNP, along with GDP, was first developed by Simon Kuznets for a 1934 U.S. Congress report. Countries like the US and the UK originally preferred GNP as a measure of economic activity while other like Norway preferred GDP.[7] Overtime communication harmonize around GDP included in the US which switched in 1991.

GNP was defined in the 1953 SNA as :

"the market value of product before deduction of provisions of consumption of fixed capital, attributable to factors of production supplied by normal residents of the given country"

Despite framing GNP as concept of production, the attribution of the value was defined by the income earned by owner of the factor of production.

In the 1993 revision to the SNA, GNP definition was reframed from the point of view of the residents receiving income rather than the point of view of the factor of production. To reflect this, GNP was renamed GNI; the "national" part was keep as it is embedded in economic usage, even though the same concept of residence is used to defined both GDP and GNI.[8]

GNP continue to be uses in the National income and product accounts to referd to GNI calculated for expenditure data.

Type of income included in GNI

GNI include the salaries and wages of cross-border commuters and seasonal workers working overseas but do not include remittance sent by workers to their families overseas. This explains why France GNI is higher than its GDP as a lot of French residents work in Luxembourg, Monaco or Switzerland; while India GNI is lower than its GDP despite being the larger receiver of remittances.

GNI also includes the propriety income: rent, interest and "profit". The "profit" included both distributed income of corporations (dividends) and reinvested earnings on foreign direct investment, those are profit retained by the corporation. Like in the IMF balance of payments manual they are treated as if they were distributed to foreign direct investors in proportion to their ownership of the equity of the enterprise and then reinvested by them by means of additions in equity.

The GNI of EU countries also included subsidies received from the EU and excluded tariffs as those are received by EU.

GNI contrasts with Gross national disposable income which includes all current transfer income like international cooperation and remittance.

Comparison of GNI and GDP

GNI=GDP+Money flowing from foreign countries−Money flowing to foreign countries

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Comparison of GNI (Atlas method). GNI and GDP
2023 World Bank (millions of current US$)
Country GNI (Atlas method)[9] GNI[10] GDP[11]
a a - c b b - c c
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GNI (Atlas method) nominal

Nominal, Atlas method – millions of current US$ (top 15)[12]

Rank 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
1 Template:USA 26,894,543 Template:USA 25,526,912 Template:USA 23,684,736 Template:USA 21,445,453 Template:USA 21,734,159 Template:USA 20,709,155 Template:USA 19,224,810 Template:USA 18,433,936 Template:USA 18,124,086 Template:USA 17,725,039 Template:USA 17,023,066
2 Template:CHN 18,899,260 Template:CHN 18,206,073 Template:CHN 16,883,573 Template:CHN 14,843,775 Template:CHN 14,512,889 Template:CHN 13,385,455 Template:CHN 12,104,948 Template:CHN 11,387,927 Template:CHN 10,883,163 Template:CHN 10,246,590 Template:CHN 9,193,838
3 Template:JPN 4,859,878 Template:JPN 5,324,575 Template:JPN 5,487,896 Template:JPN 5,169,146 Template:JPN 5,315,223 Template:JPN 5,300,391 Template:JPN 4,943,005 Template:JPN 4,887,582 Template:JPN 5,006,472 Template:JPN 5,656,061 Template:JPN 6,225,973
4 Template:DEU 4,559,133 Template:DEU 4,527,641 Template:DEU 4,329,964 Template:DEU 3,989,008 Template:DEU 4,105,522 Template:DEU 3,937,444 Template:DEU 3,617,063 Template:DEU 3,646,623 Template:DEU 3,740,019 Template:DEU 3,858,306 Template:DEU 3,807,840
5 Template:IND 3,630,237 Template:IND 3,394,542 Template:IND 3,064,476 Template:IND 2,661,734 Template:GBR 2,890,071 Template:GBR 2,792,597 Template:GBR 2,752,284 Template:GBR 2,818,536 Template:GBR 2,890,071 Template:GBR 2,879,862 Template:FRA 2,890,903
6 Template:GBR 3,266,990 Template:GBR 3,297,427 Template:GBR 3,052,770 Template:FRA 2,651,967 Template:IND 2,878,536 Template:FRA 2,764,774 Template:FRA 2,564,094 Template:FRA 2,608,889 Template:FRA 2,737,258 Template:FRA 2,874,055 Template:GBR 2,744,028
7 Template:FRA 3,072,464 Template:FRA 3,078,221 Template:FRA 2,968,919 Template:GBR 2,599,175 Template:FRA 2,861,603 Template:IND 2,713,330 Template:IND 2,439,594 Template:IND 2,246,784 Template:IND 2,097,598 Template:BRA 2,457,007 Template:BRA 2,571,101
8 Template:ITA 2,244,585 Template:ITA 2,261,746 Template:ITA 2,153,654 Template:ITA 1,928,007 Template:ITA 2,085,349 Template:ITA 2,045,243 Template:ITA 1,899,454 Template:ITA 1,938,263 Template:BRA 2,084,247 Template:RUS 2,137,991 Template:RUS 2,179,425
9 Template:CAN 2,162,633 Template:CAN 2,075,404 Template:CAN 1,865,477 Template:KOR 1,712,697 Template:BRA 1,953,067 Template:BRA 1,920,050 Template:BRA 1,808,497 Template:BRA 1,839,992 Template:ITA 2,004,023 Template:ITA 2,122,305 Template:ITA 2,142,306
10 Template:RUS 2,084,758 Template:RUS 1,879,408 Template:KOR 1,821,293 Template:BRA 1,686,363 Template:CAN 1,752,253 Template:KOR 1,688,927 Template:CAN 1,567,890 Template:CAN 1,585,229 Template:RUS 1,725,234 Template:IND 2,020,998 Template:IND 1,941,117
11 Template:BRA 1,962,339 Template:KOR 1,868,327 Template:RUS 1,725,858 Template:CAN 1,669,281 Template:KOR 1,750,992 Template:CAN 1,670,517 Template:KOR 1,555,716 Template:KOR 1,502,019 Template:CAN 1,698,849 Template:CAN 1,849,754 Template:CAN 1,852,426
12 Template:KOR 1,835,476 Template:BRA 1,774,307 Template:BRA 1,689,214 Template:RUS 1,575,000 Template:RUS 1,655,618 Template:RUS 1,505,175 Template:RUS 1,352,319 Template:RUS 1,426,946 Template:KOR 1,465,140 Template:AUS 1,531,471 Template:AUS 1,528,597
13 Template:AUS 1,681,999 Template:AUS 1,582,214 Template:AUS 1,470,331 Template:AUS 1,375,626 Template:ESP 1,431,194 Template:ESP 1,372,430 Template:AUS 1,267,317 Template:AUS 1,309,602 Template:AUS 1,441,971 Template:KOR 1,428,957 Template:ESP 1,362,931
14 Template:ESP 1,556,447 Template:ESP 1,533,031 Template:ESP 1,426,623 Template:ESP 1,287,271 Template:AUS 1,392,624 Template:AUS 1,326,718 Template:ESP 1,263,572 Template:ESP 1,281,503 Template:ESP 1,321,902 Template:ESP 1,355,256 Template:KOR 1,360,191
15 Template:MEX 1,554,336 Template:MEX 1,378,549 Template:MEX 1,256,693 Template:MEX 1,129,323 Template:MEX 1,241,846 Template:MEX 1,191,161 Template:MEX 1,143,310 Template:MEX 1,190,381 Template:MEX 1,280,512 Template:MEX 1,311,930 Template:MEX 1,267,698

GNI (Atlas method) PPP

PPP – millions of international dollars (top 15)[13]

Rank 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013
1 Template:CHN 34,388,534 Template:CHN 31,576,043 Template:CHN 28,620,862 Template:CHN 25,044,516 Template:CHN 24,232,656 Template:CHN 22,355,235 Template:CHN 20,567,696 Template:CHN 19,169,812 Template:USA 18,608,138 Template:USA 17,984,237 Template:USA 17,140,708
2 Template:USA 27,525,100 Template:USA 25,926,000 Template:USA 23,777,600 Template:USA 21,479,588 Template:USA 21,760,847 Template:USA 20,883,383 Template:USA 19,837,150 Template:USA 18,983,369 Template:CHN 18,129,539 Template:CHN 17,445,351 Template:CHN 16,241,642
3 Template:IND 14,324,038 Template:IND 12,858,238 Template:IND 11,250,341 Template:IND 9,639,773 Template:IND 9,837,436 Template:IND 9,131,972 Template:IND 8,264,362 Template:IND 7,706,181 Template:IND 7,120,994 Template:IND 6,732,248 Template:IND 6,416,831
4 Template:JPN 6,554,254 Template:JPN 6,254,021 Template:JPN 5,866,681 Template:JPN 5,554,842 Template:JPN 5,616,185 Template:JPN 5,548,453 Template:JPN 5,456,930 Template:JPN 5,338,419 Template:JPN 5,404,453 Template:JPN 5,221,591 Template:JPN 5,194,308
5 Template:RUS 6,366,121 Template:RUS 5,884,375 Template:RUS 5,598,676 Template:DEU 4,952,942 Template:DEU 5,021,459 Template:DEU 4,730,328 Template:DEU 4,491,248 Template:DEU 4,268,496 Template:DEU 3,977,709 Template:DEU 3,883,390 Template:DEU 3,712,582
6 Template:DEU 6,092,387 Template:DEU 5,799,414 Template:DEU 5,351,636 Template:RUS 4,542,377 Template:RUS 4,434,791 Template:RUS 4,128,705 Template:RUS 3,705,398 Template:RUS 3,440,587 Template:RUS 3,428,610 Template:RUS 3,639,325 Template:RUS 3,611,853
7 Template:BRA 4,325,589 Template:BRA 4,055,711 Template:FRA 3,728,403 Template:FRA 3,370,362 Template:FRA 3,527,047 Template:FRA 3,197,838 Template:FRA 3,050,429 Template:FRA 2,924,693 Template:BRA 2,932,875 Template:BRA 3,107,798 Template:BRA 3,077,182
8 Template:FRA 4,235,079 Template:FRA 3,984,079 Template:BRA 3,669,595 Template:BRA 3,289,682 Template:GBR 3,332,513 Template:BRA 3,098,566 Template:GBR 3,009,162 Template:BRA 2,846,198 Template:FRA 2,777,205 Template:FRA 2,719,730 Template:FRA 2,666,952
9 Template:IDN 4,221,517 Template:IDN 3,870,444 Template:GBR 3,561,213 Template:GBR 3,151,687 Template:BRA 3,244,271 Template:GBR 3,087,113 Template:BRA 2,924,571 Template:GBR 2,824,431 Template:GBR 2,706,923 Template:GBR 2,619,025 Template:GBR 2,516,787
10 Template:GBR 3,974,003 Template:GBR 3,866,883 Template:IDN 3,434,771 Template:IDN 3,134,896 Template:IDN 3,166,892 Template:IDN 2,978,437 Template:IDN 2,766,769 Template:IDN 2,628,825 Template:IDN 2,538,121 Template:IDN 2,518,157 Template:IDN 2,448,797
11 Template:TUR 3,729,107 Template:ITA 3,324,775 Template:ITA 2,988,508 Template:ITA 2,660,830 Template:ITA 2,797,692 Template:ITA 2,629,049 Template:ITA 2,531,220 Template:ITA 2,427,622 Template:MEX 2,251,300 Template:MEX 2,200,816 Template:ITA 2,183,587
12 Template:ITA 3,446,469 Template:TUR 3,227,873 Template:TUR 2,627,527 Template:MEX 2,375,085 Template:MEX 2,564,439 Template:MEX 2,538,888 Template:MEX 2,464,263 Template:MEX 2,393,565 Template:ITA 2,225,429 Template:ITA 2,200,447 Template:MEX 2,088,045
13 Template:MEX 3,207,460 Template:MEX 2,972,064 Template:MEX 2,608,640 Template:TUR 2,362,958 Template:TUR 2,313,729 Template:TUR 2,271,021 Template:TUR 2,235,991 Template:TUR 2,094,056 Template:TUR 1,999,739 Template:TUR 1,844,207 Template:KOR 1,737,910
14 Template:KOR 2,846,253 Template:KOR 2,706,619 Template:KOR 2,542,823 Template:KOR 2,360,461 Template:KOR 2,290,264 Template:KOR 2,229,385 Template:KOR 2,112,226 Template:KOR 2,034,378 Template:KOR 1,939,637 Template:KOR 1,801,276 Template:SAU 1,730,115
15 Template:ESP 2,535,604 Template:CAN 2,384,385 Template:CAN 2,114,747 Template:ESP 1,850,441 Template:ESP 2,065,307 Template:ESP 1,908,195 Template:ESP 1,843,464 Template:ESP 1,738,407 Template:ESP 1,621,469 Template:SAU 1,777,122 Template:TUR 1,688,340

Gross national product

Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the goods and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Unlike gross domestic product (GDP), which defines production based on the geographical location of production, GNP indicates allocated production based on location of ownership. In fact it calculates income by the location of ownership and residence, and so its name is also the less ambiguous gross national income.

GNP is an economic statistic that is equal to GDP plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents.

GNP does not distinguish between qualitative improvements in the state of the technical arts (e.g., increasing computer processing speeds), and quantitative increases in goods (e.g., number of computers produced), and considers both to be forms of "economic growth".[14]

When a country's capital or labour resources are employed outside its borders, or when a foreign firm is operating in its territory, GDP and GNP can produce different measures of total output. In 2009 for instance, the United States estimated its GDP at $14.119 trillion, and its GNP at $14.265 trillion.[15]

The term gross national income (GNI) has gradually replaced the Gross national product (GNP) in international statistics.[12][13] While being conceptually identical, the precise calculation method has evolved at the same time as the name change.[16]

Use of GNP

The United States used GNP as its primary measure of total economic activity until 1991, when it began to use GDP.[17] In making the switch, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) noted both that GDP provided an easier comparison of other measures of economic activity in the United States and that "virtually all other countries have already adopted GDP as their primary measure of production".[18] Many economists have questioned how meaningful GNP or GDP is as a measure of a nation's economic well-being, as it does not count most unpaid work and counts much economic activity that is unproductive or actually destructive.[19]

GNI vs GDP

While GDP measures the market value of all final goods and services produced in a given country, GNI measures income generated by the country's citizens, regardless of the geographic location of the income. In many states, those two figures are close, as the difference between income received by the country versus payments made to the rest of the world is not significant. According to the World Bank, the GNI of the US in 2016 was 1.5% higher than GDP.[20]

In developing countries, on the other hand, the difference might be significant due to a large amount of foreign aid and capital inflow. In 2016, the GNI[21] of Armenia was 4.45% higher than GDP.[22] Based on the OECD reports, in 2015 alone, Armenia has received a total of US$409 million development assistance. Over the past 25 years, USAID has provided more than one billion USD to improve the living of the people in Armenia. GNI equals GDP plus wages, salaries, and property income of the country's residents earned abroad that also constitutes the higher GNI figure. According to the UN report on migration from Armenia in 2015–17, every year around 15–20 thousand people leave Armenia permanently,[23] and roughly 47% of those are working migrants that leave the country to earn income and sustain the families left in Armenia. In 2016 Armenian residents received in a total of around $150 million remittances.[24] Armenia's GNI, measured in US dollars, amounted to US$13.5 billion in 2021, according to the National Statistical Office. This is an 8.23% increase over the prior year. GNI in USD terms in Armenia has historically ranged from a record high of US$13.8 billion in 2019 to a record low of US$1.06 billion in 1992. Regarding interest rates on GNI expressed in USD, Armenia is ranked 119th out of the 155 monitored nations.[25]

Lists of GNI per capita

See also

References

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  1. ↑ Template:Cite web
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  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Template:Cite web
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Template:Cite web
  14. ↑ Daly, Herman E. (1996), Beyond Growth. Beacon Press
  15. ↑ Template:Cite web
  16. ↑ Template:Cite journal
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  25. ↑ Template:Cite web
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